By contrast, while defendants in most civil law systems can be compelled to give a statement, this statement is not subject to cross-examination by the prosecutor and not given under oath.

By contrast, in civil law jurisdictions ( the legal tradition that prevails in, or is combined with common law in, Europe and most non-Islamic, non-common law countries ), courts lack authority to act where there is no statute, and judicial precedent is given less interpretive weight ( which means that a judge deciding a given case has more freedom to interpret the text of a statute independently, and less predictably ), and scholarly literature is given more.

The contrast between common law and civil law systems is elaborated in " Contrasts between common law and civil law systems " and " Alternatives to common law systems ", below.

The term " common law " ( connotation 2 ) is often used as a contrast to Roman-derived " civil law ", and the fundamental processes and forms of reasoning in the two are quite different.

The contrast between civil law and common law legal systems has become increasingly blurred, with the growing importance of jurisprudence ( similar to case law but not binding ) in civil law countries, and the growing importance of statute law and codes in common law countries.

To date, no such law has been enacted, however scholars demonstrated that class actions ( azioni rappresentative ) do not contrast with Italian principles of civil procedure.

There was no serious civil disorder or protests following the election in contrast to the 1993 election.

In contrast to the KKK, they were open, members were often well known in the communities, and they directed their efforts at political aims: using force, intimidation and violence, including murder, to push out Republican officeholders, break up organizing, and suppress freedmen's voting and civil rights.

By contrast, decisions in civil law jurisdictions are generally very short, referring only to statutes.

By contrast, court decisions in some civil law jurisdictions ( most prominently France ) tend to be extremely brief, mentioning only the relevant legislation and not going into great detail about how a decision was reached.

In contrast to its neighbors, civil tranquility and strong economic growth have marked this period.

( This is in contrast to early Soviet civil PWR designs where embrittlement occurs due to neutron bombardment of a very narrow pressure vessel.

In contrast, he said that Congress was promoting a coup d ’ état or a civil war with a declaration full of affirmations that had already been refuted beforehand and which, in substance and process ( directly handing it to the ministers rather than directly handing it to the President ) violated a dozen articles of the ( then-current ) Constitution.

The extraordinary contrast between civil procedure where there are no examinations for discovery, for example in Australia and England, and North American practice can be discerned by reading an extract from the New South Wales Law Reform Commission Report in 1978.

By contrast to the notion of civil tolerance, in early modern Europe the subjects were required to attend the state church ; This attitude can be described as territoriality or religious uniformity, and its underlying assumption is brought to a point by a statement of the Anglican theologian Richard Hooker: " There is not any man of the Church of England but the same man is also a member of the commonwealth ; nor any man a member of the commonwealth, which is not also of the Church of England.

In the U. S., in contrast, non-payment of child support may be treated as a criminal offense or a civil offense, and it can result in a prison or jail term.

In contrast to US immigration policy, which admits immigrants for permanent residence and eventual citizenship, the CNMI admits aliens largely as temporary contract workers who are ineligible to gain either US citizenship or civil and social rights within the commonwealth.

In contrast to the other courts of England the law used in ecclesiastical matters is at least partially a civil law system, not common law, although heavily governed by parliamentary statutes.

By contrast, the civil law of German-speaking countries does not differentiate between delict and quasi-delict in the sense described above.

In contrast, most civil law countries base their legal education on professorial lectures and oral examinations, which are more suited for the mastery of complicated civil codes.

In contrast with common law jurisdictions, most civil law jurisdictions have specific civil code provisions that protect an individual's image, personal data and other generally private information.

The town has risen into importance of late years " In contrast by 1854 ( 20 years prior to the establishment of St Helens the borough ) George Routledge states a reversal of the roles " St Helens, originally an inconsiderable village, is now a very thriving town " and later describes the town as a "... may be said to contain the four townships of Sutton, Parr, Windle and Eccleston ".

In contrast to the PRC, in the official translation adopted in the ROC, both xiāng ( 鄉 ) and zhèn ( 鎮 ) are translated as " townships ", with zhèn specifically being " urban " township, ' with xiāng specifically translated as " rural " township

Dunn, by contrast, concluded that Indiana settlers adopted the word as a humorous nickname, and that the negative connotation had already faded when John Finley wrote his poem.

The relatively varied topography of the city provides a sharp contrast to the flatter terrain more typical of other portions of Indiana.

This is in contrast to IPFW's sibling university, Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis, where IUPUI is a core campus of the Indiana University system, where IUPUI's university services are administratively operated through the Indiana University system, and where IUPUI's schools and academic divisions are each strongly identified by name as IU or Purdue aligned.

By contrast, the lower Midwest includes swing states such as Ohio and Iowa, and solidly Republican ( until 2008 ) Indiana.

With international appearances the reception has varied ; students in a small town in Indiana threw things while the Guerrilla Girls presented, in contrast to visits to the Art Institute of Chicago, which they described as being " treated like rock stars.

In contrast, south of the city of Chicago into Northwest Indiana it is without bluffs, but instead has sand dunes.

The contrast between the flat plains of northern Indiana, once covered by ice, and the rugged hills of southern Indiana, where the ice never reached, is a result of this.

In contrast, WICD's transmitter is located near the Illinois / Indiana border and provides a stronger signal.

Whatever pole of this contrast one emphasizes and whatever the tension between these two approaches to understanding the artistic imagination, it will be readily seen that they are not mutually exclusive, that they belong together.

In contrast to all this, primary data are data of a self involved in environing processes and powers.

In contrast to cocktail parties, military organizations, even in the field, are more formal.

The limits are suggested by an imaginary experiment: contrast the perceptual skill of English professors with that of their colleagues in discriminating among motor cars, political candidates, or female beauty.

In contrast are the vast open stretches of ranch country and oil wells.

Even when they are finished, however, the contrast will remain, for Istanbul is the only city in the world that is built upon two continents.

i.e., burglars who rob while the tenants are absent, in contrast to hot-slough prowlers, those who work while the occupants are home.

and, in contrast, are present to a relatively immense degree on a segmental basis in the dog where lobules are absent ( Van Allen and Lindskog, '31 ).

In contrast, 20 of the 21 lines in the Completion Profile ( excluding center 5 for boys and 4 for girls ) are bunched and extend over a much shorter period, approximately 30 months for boys and 40 months for girls.

The desire to contrast the first parts of words which are alike in their last components produces an exceptional disregard of the normal patterns of stress of Chinese and Japanese.

Their experience is quite in contrast with that of children of upper- and upper-middle-class native-born parents, who are more likely to regard education as good for its own sake and to discount the vocational emphases in the curriculum.

There was considerable contrast between this Mulligan performance and that of Art Blakey and The Jazz Messengers, who are able to generate a tremendous sound for such a small group.

To contrast with the more stereotyped descriptions, Christie often characterised the " foreigners " in such a way as to make the reader understand and sympathise with them ; this is particularly true of her Jewish characters, who are seldom actually criminals.

However, there is an interesting contrast between the belief that exposure of signs to a hearing infant will aid them in language development, whereas a deaf infant at times must show the inability to learn an oral language before they are taught sign language.

Birds of humid Andean forests include mountain-toucans, quetzals and the Andean Cock-of-the-rock, while mixed species flocks dominated by tanagers and Furnariids commonly are seen-in contrast to several vocal but typically cryptic species of wrens, tapaculos and antpittas.

In contrast to the elaborate stowage procedures for earlier anchors, stockless anchors are simply hauled up until they rest with the shank inside the hawsepipes, and the flukes against the hull ( or inside a recess in the hull ).

Each assembly language is specific to a particular computer architecture, in contrast to most high-level programming languages, which are generally portable across multiple systems.

The largest species are red alder ( A. rubra ) on the west coast of North America, and black alder ( A. glutinosa ), native to most of Europe and widely introduced elsewhere, both reaching over 30 m. By contrast, the widespread Alnus viridis ( green alder ) is rarely more than a 5 m tall shrub.

They are also thought to have pioneered the modern alto format of viola, in contrast to older tenor violas, but this stating is not correct since Gasparo made violas from altos of 39 to tenors of 44, 7 cm.

Machiavelli goes on to reason that Agathocles ' success, in contrast to other criminal tyrants, was due to his ability to mitigate his crimes by limiting them to those that " are applied at one blow and are necessary to one's security, and that are not persisted in afterwards unless they can be turned to the advantage of the subjects ".

In contrast with other continents, it is marked by the comparatively small area of either very high or very low ground, lands under occupying an unusually small part of the surface ; while not only are the highest elevations inferior to those of Asia or South America, but the area of land over is also quite insignificant, being represented almost entirely by individual peaks and mountain ranges.