In contrast to the Western convention of referring to a sovereign using a regnal name ( e. g. George V ) or by a personal name ( e. g. Queen Victoria ), a governing emperor was to be referred to simply as Huangdi Bixia ( 皇帝陛下, His Majesty the Emperor ) or Dangjin Huangshang ( 當今皇上, The Imperial Highness of the Present Time ) when spoken about in the third person.

This is in contrast to Imperial Germans ( Reichsdeutsche ), German citizens living within Germany.

Totila spent the following season establishing himself in the south and reducing pockets of resistance, while the unpaid Imperial troops in central Italy made such poor reputations pillaging the countryside that when Totilas turned his attention to taking Rome, he was able proudly to contrast Goth and Greek behavior in his initial negotiations with the senate.

This was in contrast to Imperial Japanese Army practice of depicting American troops as cruel and merciless, referring to them as 鬼畜米英 ( Kichiku Beihei, lit.

The contrast between the styles of the re-used Imperial reliefs of Trajan, Hadrian and Marcus Aurelius and those newly made for the arch is dramatic and, according to Ernst Kitzinger, " violent ", although it should be noted that where the head of an earlier emperor was replaced by that of Constantine the artist was still able to achieve a " soft, delicate rendering of the face of Constantine " that was " a far cry from the dominant style of the workshop ".

In contrast with the declining empire theories, historians such as Arnold J. Toynbee and James Burke argue that the Roman Empire itself was a rotten system from its inception, and that the entire Imperial era was one of steady decay of institutions founded in Republican times.

Although it has not been officially launched in the United Kingdom, some cars destined for the Irish market have been sold in the UK by Arnold Clark dealerships as grey imports since March 2009, with the only difference between the imports and Irish domestic market vehicles being the speedometer and odometer to accommodate Imperial units in contrast to Metric units used in Ireland.

In contrast, Ramon Berenguer II, soon cousin by marriage of the Emperor, gained prestige and could face the pretentions of Count Hugh of Baux, who had just received the Imperial Provence as a fief.

In contrast to this, all students at University College London, Imperial College London, Bute Medical School ( St Andrews ), University of Oxford and University of Cambridge study for a BSc / BA in addition to their medical degrees.

It was a neat, uniform, low-maintenance style that echoed the standardization and uniformity brought on by industrialization, in contrast to the more flamboyant moustaches typical of the 19th century such as the Imperial, Walrus, Handlebar, Horseshoe, Pencil and Fantastico moustaches.

By contrast, Nasrullah's younger brother Mohammed Omar Jar, and Mohammed's mother the Queen Dowager Bibi Hallima, both of whom were powerful political forces potentially of danger to Habibullah, were kept by Habibullah as " practically state prisoners " confined in private quarters under the guise of protection by a strong detachment of the Imperial Bodyguard ( Mohammed Omar Jar having been stripped of his own personal bodyguard – and state positions – by Habibullah in 1904 ).

In contrast to other Imperial governors, the wreath surrounding the central badge was maple leaves instead of laurel leaves.

In contrast to cocktail parties, military organizations, even in the field, are more formal.

In Greek literature, he often represents the physical or violent aspect of war, in contrast to the armored Athena, whose functions as a goddess of intelligence include military strategy and generalship.

In contrast, however, survivors of the ill-fated Mexican military colony on Clipperton in 1917 ( see below ) indicated that they were dependent upon rain for their water supply, catching it in several old boats they used for this purpose.

There are no other variants or alternative flags used by the EU ( in contrast to countries which have presidential, naval and military variants ).

In the latter half of the 16th century, Mai Idris Alooma modernized its military, in contrast to the Songhai Empire.

This degree of unity within the German government with both the diplomats and the military united in their support of Hitler's anti-Polish policy, which stood in contrast to their views the previous year about destroying Czechoslovakia, very much encouraged Hitler and Ribbentrop with their chosen course of action.

As all such prior NSFK members were also Nazi Party members ; this gave the new Luftwaffe a strong Nazi ideological base in contrast to the other branches of the German military.

Even the most conservative elements within the Qing court could no longer ignore China's military weakness in contrast to the foreign " barbarians " literally beating down its gates.

In contrast to the black-uniformed Allgemeine SS ( the political wing of the SS ), the Waffen-SS ( the military wing ) evolved into a second German army aside the Wehrmacht ( the regular national armed forces ) and operating in tandem with them ; especially with the Heer ( German Army ).

In contrast, Thucydides claims to confine himself to factual reports of contemporary political and military events, based on unambiguous, first-hand, eye-witness accounts, although, unlike Herodotus, he does not reveal his sources.

In contrast, military communication systems such as JTRS, which place a great deal of importance on robustness and information security, typically use very proprietary methods.

In contrast, during the Zhou Dynasty and the ensuing Warring States Period, the prevalent philosophy had dictated war as a gentleman's activity ; military commanders were instructed to respect what they perceived to be Heaven's laws in battle.

By contrast, Kip willingly joined the British military, but he was met with reservations from his white colleagues.

In contrast, the Marines, the service branch who deal with ordinary military affairs, are trained to prize unquestioning loyalty and bravery as the highest ideals, and are deliberately recruited from the type of person who seeks glory and excitement.

This is in contrast to symmetric warfare, where two powers have similar military power and resources and rely on tactics that are similar overall, differing only in details and execution.

By contrast, ciphers used to protect classified government or military information are often kept secret ( see Type 1 encryption ).

In contrast to the gradual democratisation process of the 1960s, the military establishment in El Salvador would return to institutionalised fraud.

In contrast, historian Ben Rubin argues that because the American Revolution was a conflict that as often pitted neighbor against neighbor — Whigs ( advocates of Revolution ) against Tories ( loyalists to Britain )— as it pitted nascent Americans against the British, many people stayed neutral until goaded into taking a stand in reaction to military atrocities, such as those attributed to Tarleton, or individual atrocities, such as the death of Thomas Young's brother, or the burning of Thomas Sumter's house and the abuse of his wife, or the interrogation at knife point of William Bratton's wife, the beating of their young son, and the family's imprisonment in their own attic -- individual atrocities similar to those depicted in The Patriot.

Since the end of the First World War, aircraft types in British military service have generally been known by a name ( e. g. " Spitfire "), with individual variants recognised by mark numbers, in contrast to the systems such as that used in the United States, where an aircraft type is primarily identified by an alphanumeric designation.

Finally, the group action on one side ( being the firing squad ), with the condemned standing opposite, presents a visual contrast that reinforces to all witnesses that solidarity is an overriding necessity in a military unit.

In contrast, regular police forces are subordinate to the various States or Länder, as are their Spezialeinsatzkommando ( SEK ) teams, while the military is responsible for the Kommando Spezialkräfte ( KSK ) ( Special Forces command ) and the Kampfschwimmer.

In contrast to most of his contemporaries, Derzhavin was highly devoted to his state ; he served in the military, before rising to various roles in Catherine II's government, including secretary to the Empress and Minister of Justice.

In contrast to Colonel Klink, Hogan graduated third in his military class.

In stark contrast to 1805, by 1809, Austria had managed to reform its military and build a relatively modern and overall redoutable army, placed under the command of their best commander, Archduke Charles of Austria, brother of Emperor Francis I of Austria.

In contrast, in systems of reincarnation, such as those in the Dharmic tradition, the nature of the continued existence is determined directly by the actions of the individual in the ended life, rather than through the decision of another being.

By contrast, in civil law jurisdictions ( the legal tradition that prevails in, or is combined with common law in, Europe and most non-Islamic, non-common law countries ), courts lack authority to act where there is no statute, and judicial precedent is given less interpretive weight ( which means that a judge deciding a given case has more freedom to interpret the text of a statute independently, and less predictably ), and scholarly literature is given more.

In contrast, most Christian denominations actively seek converts, following the Great Commission, and conversion to Christianity is generally a declaration of faith ( although some denominations view it specifically as adoption into a community of Christ, and orthodox Christian tradition views it as being a literal joining together of the members of Christ's body ).

In contrast to Carnatic music, the other main Indian classical music tradition originating from the South, Hindustani music was not only influenced by ancient Hindu musical traditions, historical Vedic philosophy and native Indian sounds but also enriched by the Persian performance practices of the Mughals.

The description and the tradition provide a contrast between the daemonic and genius within the poem, and Khan is a ruler who is unable to recreate Eden.

Scholars William M. Reynolds and Julie A. Webber have written that Guru Nanak Dev, the founder of the Sikh faith tradition, was a " fighter for women's rights " that was " in no way misogynistic " in contrast to some of his contemporaries.

Both the Rana dynasty and Shah dynasty are Rajput caste in the Hindu tradition, in contrast with the native Himalayan culture which is largely Buddhist and Bön.

Another feature of late 20th century opera is the emergence of contemporary historical operas, in contrast to the tradition of basing operas on more distant history, the re-telling of contemporary fictional stories or plays, or on myth or legend.

In Henry IV Shakespeare portrays him as wild and exotic ; a man ruled by magic and tradition in sharp contrast to the more logical but highly emotional Hotspur.

Canada continues the Westminster tradition of using the title Prime Minister when one is speaking to the federal head of government directly ; this is in contrast to the United States protocol of addressing the federal head of government as mister ( as in, Mister President ).

The early tradition that expanded upon the Martyrdom to link Polycarp in competition and contrast with John the Apostle who, though many people had tried to kill him, was not martyred but died of old age after being exiled to the island of Patmos, is embodied in the Coptic language fragmentary papyri ( the " Harris fragments ") dating to the 3rd to 6th centuries.

In contrast, intra-religious pluralism refers to views held by specific schools or denominations within a major faith tradition ( e. g., by Eastern Orthodox Christians ) about the validity or truth of other schools or denominations within the same major faith tradition ( e. g., about Protestant Christianity or Roman Catholic Christianity ).

In more modern works, One hundred years later, sociology sees tradition as a social construct used to contrast past with the present and as a form of rationality used to justify certain course of action.

For artistic endeavors, tradition has been used as a contrast to creativity, with traditional and folk art associated with unoriginal imitation or repetition, in contrast to fine art, which is valued for being original and unique.

" In China the practice represented an indigenous spiritual and moral tradition, a cultural revitalization movement, and drew a sharp contrast to " Marxism with Chinese characteristics ".

In contrast, Cultural Studies was grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition in the United States ( Lindlof & Taylor, 2002, p.

In contrast, the tradition of ink wash painting, practiced mainly by scholar-officials and especially of landscapes, developed aesthetic values depending on the individual imagination of the artist that are similar to those of the West, but long pre-dated their development there.

In contrast, the original CMH is found in as much as 5 % to 8 % of Jews who have no family tradition of being Kohanim, and only 1. 5 % were found to have the closest match to the most detailed sequence.

Spike and Dru were modeled on Sid Vicious and Nancy Spungen ; punk, " badass " vampires to contrast sharply with the more ceremonial tradition of the Master and the Order of Aurelius from Season One.

In contrast to the Jewish tradition, which uses a term which can be translated as a " box " or " chest " to describe the Ark, surah 29: 14 of the Quran refers to it as a safina, an ordinary ship, and surah 54: 13 describes the ark as " a thing of boards and nails ".

The critic Reyner Banham erroneously dubbed the Smithsons ' pared-down style " the New Brutalism ": Hunstanton doesn't fit this description, which has become a derogatory term, although it is clear that the rigorous Modernism of Hunstanton School is in stark contrast to the more gentle, European tradition that had characterised the Festival of Britain.

This exploitation is in stark contrast to the tradition of Marbout-led Koranic schools which have operated across West Africa for centuries.