In contrast, specific years pertaining to dates were identified by naming two consuls, who entered office on May 1 and March 15 until 153 BC, when they began to enter office on January 1.

In contrast to Niels Bohr, who proposed a statistical version of the conservation laws to explain the phenomenon, Pauli hypothesized an undetected particle that he called a " neutron " in keeping with convention employed for naming both the proton and the electron, which in 1930 were known to be respective products for alpha and beta decay.

In contrast to many earlier systems, capabilities are the only mechanism for naming and using resources in EROS.

In contrast, a billionaire in countries that use the long scale number naming system would be someone who has at least a million times a million units of currency ( i. e. $ 1, 000, 000, 000, 000 ).

In contrast to the naming conventions applied by the Soviet Union and now Russia, most American space flights, with the exception of those of Project Gemini and early Apollo flights, have had their spacecraft officially named.

This naming strategy is also the source of the names of Ngaanyatjarra and Ngaatjatjarra but in that case the names contrast the two languages based on their words for ' this ' ( respectively, ngaanya and ngaatja ).

By contrast, in the United States, the naming is generally considered to be a matter of intellectual property.

Also, the pMTG site shows significant activation during the semantic association interval of the verb generation and picture naming tasks, in contrast to the pSTG sites that remain at or below baseline levels during this interval.

Nahom is one of only a very few locations mentioned in the Book of Mormon that the text implies had been named prior to contact with the Lehite travelers, in contrast to Lehi's normal application of the Middle Eastern practice of naming locations after family members.

When using this convention, in contrast to the other convention, the defined handedness of the wave matches the handedness of the screw type nature of the field in space.

In contrast to the Western convention of referring to a sovereign using a regnal name ( e. g. George V ) or by a personal name ( e. g. Queen Victoria ), a governing emperor was to be referred to simply as Huangdi Bixia ( 皇帝陛下, His Majesty the Emperor ) or Dangjin Huangshang ( 當今皇上, The Imperial Highness of the Present Time ) when spoken about in the third person.

In contrast, Article 26 contains a revolutionary norm by providing an autonomous equality principle which is not dependant upon another right under the convention being infringed.

By contrast, HLL programs typically always invoke a ' standard ' procedure call ( the calling convention ), which involves saving the program state by default and usually allocating additional memory on the stack to save all registers and other relevant state data ( the prologue and epilogue code ).

In contrast to the modern convention, the machine's storage was arranged with the least significant digits to the left ; thus a one was represented in three bits as " 100 ", rather than the more conventional " 001 ".

In contrast to the Republican and Democratic National Conventions, however, the convention is not merely a formality which endorses the will of the electorate in the primaries, but the final determinant for the nomination.

In contrast to those separate state ratification conventions, a convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution would be a single federal convention.

Samples of hydrated materials, including almost all biological specimens have to be prepared in various ways to stabilize them, reduce their thickness ( ultrathin sectioning ) and increase their electron optical contrast ( staining ).

Phase contrast microscopy is an optical microscopy illumination technique in which small phase shifts in the light passing through a transparent specimen are converted into amplitude or contrast changes in the image.

The sample is then examined in an optical or electron microscope, and the image contrast provides details on the composition, mechanical properties, and processing history.

* Phase contrast microscopy, an optical microscopy illumination technique

Also the pixel resolution, contrast ratio, refresh rate, and color gamut of an LCD preview screen cannot compete with the clarity and shadow detail of a direct-viewed optical SLR viewfinder.

In optics, modulation transfer function indicates the capability of optical contrast transmission.

In contrast, optical activity occurs only in a material, and a complete rotation occurs in a length of millimeters to meters, depending on the material.

Refractive index contrast, in an optical fiber, is a measure of the relative difference in refractive index of the core and cladding.

In contrast, optical amplifiers, which amplify the light beam directly, are often used in transcontinental and submarine communications cables, because the signal loss over such distances would be unacceptable without them.

In addition, the eye and the visual system can be routinely and easily monitored for visual function and retinal structural changes after injections with noninvasive advanced technology, such as visual acuities, contrast sensitivity, fundus auto-fluorescence ( FAF ), dark-adapted visual thresholds, vascular diameters, pupillometry, electroretinography ( ERG ), multifocal ERG and optical coherence tomography ( OCT ).

In general, euchromatin appears as light-colored bands when stained in G banding and observed under an optical microscope, in contrast to heterochromatin, which stains darkly.

In contrast to a hallucination, a mirage is a real optical phenomenon which can be captured on camera, since light rays actually are refracted to form the false image at the observer's location.

Basic optical microscopes can be very simple, although there are many complex designs which aim to improve resolution and sample contrast.

For illumination techniques like dark field, phase contrast and differential interference contrast microscopy additional optical components must be precisely aligned in the light path.

By combining separate key light and fill light passes, optical effects could generate any amount of contrast they wanted without causing spillage.

The result is an interferometer that is, to first order, completely insensitive to movement of its optical components, and which offers excellent contrast and extreme fringe stability.

For good optical systems and most images ( which do not have a bright light shining into the lens ), flare is a secondary effect that is widely distributed across the image and thus not visible, though it reduces contrast.

For a terrestrial planet, the contrast ratio of planet to its host stars is approximately ~ 10 < sup >− 6 </ sup >- 10 < sup >− 7 </ sup > in the thermal infrared or ~ 10 < sup >− 9 </ sup >- 10 < sup >− 10 </ sup > in the optical / near infrared.

In contrast to other types of active galactic nuclei, BL Lacs are characterized by rapid and large-amplitude flux variability and significant optical polarization.

It combines the advantages of optical absorption contrast with ultrasonic spatial resolution for deep imaging in ( optical ) diffusive or quasi-diffusive regime.

* Differential interference contrast microscopy, an illumination technique in optical microscopy

Differential interference contrast requires a polarized light source to function ; two polarizing filters have to be fitted in the light path, one below the condenser ( the polarizer ), and the other above the objective ( the analyzer ).

In photography, polarizing filters are used mostly to improve the appearance of the sky ( deeper blue, and clouds more visible ): A polarizer filters out the polarized component of light from the sky in a color photograph, increasing contrast with the clouds ( right ).

In contrast to marginally effective and not-often-used RHSBLs, URI DNSBLs are very effective and are used by the majority of spam filters.

* FDMA requires high-performing filters in the radio hardware, in contrast to TDMA and CDMA.

This is in contrast to infinite impulse response ( IIR ) filters, which may have internal feedback and may continue to respond indefinitely ( usually decaying ).

Colored filters are commonly used in black and white photography to alter the effect of different colors in the scene, changing contrast recorded in black and white of the different colours.

diffusion filters reduce contrast in addition to softening resolution.

It also has the effect of reducing contrast, and the filters are designed, labeled, sold, and used for that purpose too.

Transparent filters are more commonly used for the " dreamy " or " misty " effect than for contrast reduction.

Uncoated filters can reflect up to 12 % of the light, single-coated filter can reduce this considerably, and multi-coated filters can allow up to 99. 8 % of the light to pass through ( 0. 2 % unwanted reflection ); the loss of light is not important, but part of the light is reflected inside the camera, producing flare and reducing the contrast of the image.

This is in contrast to finite impulse response ( FIR ) filters, which have fixed-duration impulse responses.

Another variant, called the RGBW Quad, uses a checkerboard with 4 subpixels per pixel, adding a white subpixel, or more specifically, replacing one of the green subpixels of Bayer filter Pattern with a white subpixel, to increase the contrast and reduce the energy needed to illuminate white pixels ( because colour filters in classic RGB striped panels absorb more than 65 % of the total white light used to illuminate the panel ).

As the horizontal density is reduced and the vertical density remains identical ( for the same square pixel density ), it becomes possible to increase the pixel density of about 33 %, while maintaining the contrast comparable to classic RGB or BGR panels, taking profit of the more efficient use of light and lowered absorption levels by the colour filters.

Improving sensitivity to contrast: the person must use special optical filters

The advantage of such filters are the few layers needed for ultra-narrow bandwidth filters ( in contrast to dichroic filters ), and the potential decoupling between spectral bandwidth and angular tolerance when more than 1 mode is excited.

To cut down light pollution and enhance contrast observers employ " nebular filters " designed to admit certain wavelength and block others.

For this reason many super-telephoto lenses often incorporate yellow filters or coatings to enhance image contrast.