( P. 215 ) when corporate abuses were attacked, it was done on the theory that criminal penalties would be invoked rather than control.

Algebraic geometry now finds application in statistics, control theory, robotics, error-correcting codes, phylogenetics and geometric modelling.

In signal processing and control theory the bandwidth is the frequency at which the closed-loop system gain drops 3 dB below peak.

Bioinformatics also deals with algorithms, databases and information systems, web technologies, artificial intelligence and soft computing, information and computation theory, structural biology, software engineering, data mining, image processing, modeling and simulation, discrete mathematics, control and system theory, circuit theory, and statistics.

The bilinear transform ( also known as Tustin's method ) is used in digital signal processing and discrete-time control theory to transform continuous-time system representations to discrete-time and vice versa.

Because directors exercise control and management over the organization, but organizations are ( in theory ) run for the benefit of the shareholders, the law imposes strict duties on directors in relation to the exercise of their duties.

" But if conspiracies exist, they rarely move history ; they make a difference at the margins from time to time, but with the unforeseen consequences of a logic outside the control of their authors: and this is what is wrong with ' conspiracy theory.

Control engineering or control systems engineering is the engineering discipline that applies control theory to design systems with desired behaviors.

It can be broadly defined as practical application of control theory.

A system can be mechanical, electrical, fluid, chemical, financial and even biological, and the mathematical modeling, analysis and controller design uses control theory in one or many of the time, frequency and complex-s domains, depending on the nature of the design problem.

This demonstrated the importance and usefulness of mathematical models and methods in understanding complex phenomena, and signaled the beginning of mathematical control and systems theory.

Elements of control theory had appeared earlier but not as dramatically and convincingly as in Maxwell's analysis.

Before it emerged as a unique discipline, control engineering was practiced as a part of mechanical engineering and control theory was studied as a part of electrical engineering, since electrical circuits can often be easily described using control theory techniques.

There are two major divisions in control theory, namely, classical and modern, which have direct implications over the control engineering applications.

The scope of classical control theory is limited to single-input and single-output ( SISO ) system design, except when analyzing for disturbance rejection using a second input.

Yet, due to easier physical implementation of classical controller designs as compared to systems designed using modern control theory, these controllers are preferred in most industrial applications.

In 1978, the Technics SL-1200MK2 turntable was released, whose comfortable and precise sliding pitch control and high torque direct drive motor made beatmatching easier and it became the standard among DJs.

In modern practice, only error detection, not flow control using sliding window, is present in data link protocols such as Point-to-Point Protocol ( PPP ), and, on local area networks, the IEEE 802. 2 LLC layer is not used for most protocols on the Ethernet, and on other local area networks, its flow control and acknowledgment mechanisms are rarely used.

Older models used combinations of levers and sliding buttons for control.

However, the sounding of these notes in the arpeggio may be accomplished through any number of techniques, including a change in pick articulation ; double-picking notes ( which would then mean an additional upstroke or downstroke ); legato ; or in some instances sliding, though the latter is rarely enforced due to the acute control necessary to slide to a precise point on the string.

Aerodynamic braking is a common braking technique during landing, which can also help to protect the wheel brakes from excess wear, or from locking-up and sending the craft sliding out of control.

Each channel on a mixer has a sliding volume control ( fader ) that allows adjustment of the level of that channel.

The chance of things sliding out of control is often used in itself as a tool of brinkmanship, because it can provide credibility to an otherwise incredible threat.

Hence, sliding mode control is a variable structure control method.

Figure 1 shows an example trajectory of a system under sliding mode control.

However, real implementations of sliding mode control approximate this theoretical behavior with a high-frequency and generally non-deterministic switching control signal that causes the system to " chatter " in a tight neighborhood of the sliding surface.

Intuitively, sliding mode control uses practically infinite gain to force the trajectories of a dynamic system to slide along the restricted sliding mode subspace.

The main strength of sliding mode control is its robustness.

Additionally, because the control law is not a continuous function, the sliding mode can be reached in finite time ( i. e., better than asymptotic behavior ).

Under certain common conditions, optimality requires the use of bang – bang control ; hence, sliding mode control describes the optimal controller for a broad set of dynamic systems.

A third mode was entered with a special boot floppy which turned the Aster into a Videotex terminal with a 40x25 display and a Videotex character set, The software used the built in RS232 interface of the Aster to control a modem through which it could contact a Prestel service provider.

However, this decision was based firmly in the older notions ( see above ) that prevailed at the time as to the mode of corporate decision making, and effective control residing in the shareholders ; if they elected and put up with an incompetent decision maker, they should not have recourse to complain.

* Sliding mode control

Reading Atari 8-bit 130kB or 180kB disks was possible as well with special software, but the standard Atari 8-bit 90kB format, which used FM rather than MFM encoding, could not be handled by the 1571 hardware without modifying the drive circuitry as the control line that determines if FM or MFM encoding is used by the disc controller chip was permanently wired to ground ( MFM mode ) rather than being under software control.

While Duck Hunt does not have a traditional multiplayer mode, the manual states that a second player may plug in a standard NES controller in the other controller port and control the duck that appears.

# an attitude control thruster ( a small engine for controlling the spacecraft's orientation ) stuck in the " off " position, which Remote Agent detected and compensated for by switching to a mode that did not rely on that thruster.

* Emergency Sun Reacquisition, an attitude control mode of the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory ( SOHO )

Many customers kept using their old software and one of the features of the later System / 370 was the ability to switch to emulation mode and back under operating system control.

An internal speaker was directly controlled by the CPU in single task mode, with control of sound frequency and its duration in milliseconds.

The physics of blue phase mode LCDs suggest that very short switching times (~ 1 ms ) can be achieved, so time sequential color control can possibly be realized and expensive color filters would be obsolete.

Since it is difficult to control machine pistols when they are fired in full automatic mode, in the 1970s, some manufacturers developed an " intermittent-fire " setting that fires a burst of three shots instead of a full-automatic stream.

In Hold-and-Modify mode ( HAM ), each 6-bit pixel is interpreted as 2 control bits and 4 data bits.

With the help of client-side prediction, which allowed players to see their own movement immediately without waiting for a response from the server, QuakeWorld network code allowed players with high-latency connections to control their character's movement almost as precisely as when playing in single-player mode.

Modern CPUs don't allow user mode code to disable interrupts as such control is considered a key operating system resource.

Many embedded systems and RTOSs, however, allow the application itself to run in kernel mode for greater system call efficiency and also to permit the application to have greater control of the operating environment without requiring OS intervention.

In constant current mode, feedback electronics adjust the height by a voltage to the piezoelectric height control mechanism.

* Distribution Strategy: questions of operating control ( centralized, decentralized or shared ); delivery scheme, e. g., direct shipment, pool point shipping, cross docking, direct store delivery ( DSD ), closed loop shipping ; mode of transportation, e. g., motor carrier, including truckload, Less than truckload ( LTL ), parcel ; railroad ; intermodal transport, including trailer on flatcar ( TOFC ) and container on flatcar ( COFC ); ocean freight ; airfreight ; replenishment strategy ( e. g., pull, push or hybrid ); and transportation control ( e. g., owner-operated, private carrier, common carrier, contract carrier, or third-party logistics ( 3PL )).

Also, both devices operate in the depletion mode, they both have a high input impedance, and they both conduct current under the control of an input voltage.

vi is a modal editor: it operates in either insert mode ( where typed text becomes part of the document ) or normal mode ( where keystrokes are interpreted as commands that control the edit session ).

If the terminal driver is in raw mode it no longer interprets control characters, and the EOT character is sent unchanged to the program, which is free to interpret it any way it likes.

* In basic mode link control, the master station is a data station that has accepted an invitation to ensure a data transfer to one or more slave stations.

In double conversion mode the UPS can adjust for voltage variations without having to use battery power, can filter out line noise and control frequency.