Thus, an analog signal is one represented by a continuous stream of data, in this case along an electrical circuit in the form of voltage, current or charge changes ( compare with digital signals below ).

* Analog-to-digital converter, a circuit which converts continuous analog signals to discrete digital values

DSP algorithms have long been run on standard computers, on specialized processors called digital signal processor on purpose-built hardware such as application-specific integrated circuit ( ASICs ).

To design any electrical circuit, either analog or digital, electrical engineers need to be able to predict the voltages and currents at all places within the circuit.

This type of circuit is usually called " mixed signal " rather than analog or digital.

An example is the comparator which takes in a continuous range of voltage but only outputs one of two levels as in a digital circuit.

To most engineers, the terms " digital circuit ", " digital system " and " logic " are interchangeable in the context of digital circuits.

The complexity of such a system is specified by its order N. N is often a constraint on the design of a transfer function since it specifies the number of reactive components in an analog circuit ; in a digital IIR filter the number of computations required is proportional to N.

The GSM standard was developed as a replacement for first generation ( 1G ) analog cellular networks, and originally described a digital, circuit switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony.

However, electronic circuit elements replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, and digital calculations replaced analog calculations.

Entitled A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits, Shannon's thesis essentially founded practical digital circuit design.

ISDN is also used as a smart-network technology intended to add new services to the public switched telephone network ( PSTN ) by giving users direct access to end-to-end circuit-switched digital services and as a backup or failsafe circuit solution for critical use data circuits.

High-end videoconferencing hardware made by companies such as Sony, Polycom, Tandberg, and LifeSize via the LifeSize Networker can bond up to 8 B-channels together ( using a BRI circuit for every 2 channels ) to provide digital, circuit-switched video connections to almost anywhere in the world.

The kilobit is most commonly used in the expression of data rates of digital communication circuits as kilobits per second ( kbit / s or kb / s ), or abbreviated as kbps, as in, for example, a 56 kbps PSTN circuit, or a 512 kbit / s broadband Internet connection.

Claude E. Shannon developed much of modern information theory and discovered the application of Boolean logic to digital circuit design theory.

On electric and electronic keyboards, depressing a key connects a circuit ( Hammond organ, digital piano, synthesizer ).

* Pipelining ( DSP implementation ), a transformation for optimizing digital circuit.

Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit ; digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of an analog to digital converter.

An offshoot of the work at MIT by Bush and others was the beginning of digital circuit design theory.

This digital central office telephone circuit switching system is used by many telecommunications service providers.

Hence Boolean algebra became the foundation of practical digital circuit design ; and Boole, via Shannon and Shestakov, provided the theoretical grounding for the Digital Age.

Bandwidth in hertz is a central concept in many fields, including electronics, information theory, digital communications, radio communications, signal processing, and spectroscopy.

The bilinear transform ( also known as Tustin's method ) is used in digital signal processing and discrete-time control theory to transform continuous-time system representations to discrete-time and vice versa.

Another precursor was the early development of the theory of computation and the digital computer in the 1940s and 1950s.

The impact of valence theory declined during the 1960s and 1970s as molecular orbital theory grew in usefulness as it was implemented in large digital computer programs.

It includes the theory and application of new and existing technologies in music, such as sound synthesis, digital signal processing, sound design, sonic diffusion, acoustics, and psychoacoustics.

In theory, the method ( called " RGB Decimation " internally ) can be applied to enhance the anti-aliasing of any digital image.

In information theory and coding theory with applications in computer science and telecommunication, error detection and correction or error control are techniques that enable reliable delivery of digital data over unreliable communication channels.

During the 1990s the digital revolution in image technologies has had an impact on film theory in various ways.

Information theory and digital signal processing offer a major improvement of resolution and image clarity over previous analog methods.

In digital signal processing, linear prediction is often called linear predictive coding ( LPC ) and can thus be viewed as a subset of filter theory.

* Mathematical morphology, a theoretical model based on lattice theory, used for digital image processing

The key to the theory of the game is the binary digital sum of the heap sizes, that is, the sum ( in binary ) neglecting all carries from one digit to another.

In LTI system theory, control theory, and in digital or analog signal processing, the relationship between the input signal,, to output signal,, of an LTI system is governed by the convolution operation:

Leonard Kleinrock conducted early research in queueing theory which would be important in packet switching, and published a book in the related field of digital message switching ( without the packets ) in 1961 ; he also later played a leading role in building and management of the world's first packet-switched network, the ARPANET.

* Peter R. Holland: The quantum theory of motion, Cambridge University Press, 1993 ( re-printed 2000, transferred to digital printing 2004 ), ISBN 0-521-48543-6

Coprocessor-boards ( such as the TARGA Truevision series ) were designed around special CPU or digital signal processor ( DSP ) chips, which in theory could execute a compiled program.

At Ursinus he worked for several years developing a digital electronic computing machine to test the theory that solar fluctuations, sun spots in particular, affect our weather.

A digital circuit is often constructed from small electronic circuits called logic gates that can be used to create combinational logic.

Virtually all circuits in practical digital devices are a mixture of combinational and sequential logic.

Formal verification can be helpful in proving the correctness of systems such as: cryptographic protocols, combinational circuits, digital circuits with internal memory, and software expressed as source code.