* 1963 – The European Court of Justice's ruling in Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen establishes the principle of direct effect, one of the most important, if not the most important, decisions in the development of European Union law.

Originally intended to aid integration of blacks, the ruling had a negative effect on the admissions of Chinese students, who had become the largest ethnic group in the district.

Essentially, Bush argued that the Florida Supreme Court's interpretation of Florida law was so erroneous that their ruling had the effect of making new law.

In effect, these legislators ( and members of the ruling KMT ) held their seats for life, in a one-party system.

With this ruling, these laws were no longer in effect in the remaining 16 states that still had them.

In most circumstances, the President is in effect obliged to sign all laws approved by the Houses of the Oireachtas, although he or she has the power to refer most bills to the Supreme Court for a ruling on constitutionality.

The campaign lasted from December 1, 1955, when Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person, to December 20, 1956, when a federal ruling, Browder v. Gayle, took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional.

However, the Court did not address the effect the compelled salutation and recital ruling had upon their particular religious beliefs, but instead ruled that the state did not have the power to compel speech in that manner for anyone.

An effect of this language clause was to lay the foundation for creating a thoroughly Anglicised ruling class of landed gentry in Wales, which would have many consequences.

Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Company,, aff'd on reh ' g,, with a ruling of 5 – 4, was a landmark case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the unapportioned income taxes on interest, dividends and rents imposed by the Income Tax Act of 1894 were, in effect, direct taxes, and were unconstitutional because they violated the provision that direct taxes be apportioned.

White took these manufactures to court, where he eventually won in 1862, however full implementation of the ruling did not take effect until 1865.

Pew Research Center ran a poll in January 2012 to find out how many voters were aware of the ruling on Super PACs and whether they found Super PACs had a positive or negative effect on the political campaign.

Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association ASBL v Jean-Marc Bosman ( 1995 ) C-415 / 93 ( known as the " Bosman ruling ") is a 1995 European Court of Justice decision concerning freedom of movement for workers, freedom of association, and direct effect of article 39 ( formerly 48 ) of the EC Treaty.

Since the ruling came into effect in all of the EU in 1995, several notable players in European football have benefited from the ruling.

Because it is difficult to determine exactly when a quorum was lost, points of order relating to the absence of a quorum are " generally not permitted to affect prior action ; but upon clear and convincing proof, such a point of order can be given effect retrospectively by a ruling of the presiding officer, subject to appeal.

In a ruling by Judge Marilyn Hall Patel, the United States District Court for the Northern District of California granted the writ ( that is, it voided Korematsu's original conviction ) because in Korematsu's original case, the government had knowingly submitted false information to the Supreme Court that had a material effect on the Supreme Court's decision.

The ruling had little immediate effect as the EU had already lifted its moratorium on GM crops in 2004.

The election was ultimately settled in favor of George W. Bush when the U. S. Supreme Court, with its final ruling on Bush v. Gore, stopped a recount that had been proposed by the Florida Supreme Court, which had the effect of awarding Bush a majority of votes in the Electoral College.

The day of his believed death in 1863, the council of Hova government officials responsible for organizing the coup, headed by the brothers Rainivoninahitriniony and Rainilaiarivony, invited Rabodo to succeed to the throne on the condition that she sign a contract stipulating conditions that in effect created a constitutional monarchy placing the real ruling power in the hands of the Prime Minister.

In effect, public offices were now the exclusive prerogative of the gnädige Herren, the " merciful lords ", as the small number of noble families now ruling Bern came to be called.

That ruling contemplated the effect the book would have upon a reasonable person of reasonable sensibility.

The new boss used the new legislation to great effect and even persuaded the club to allow a ruling on the loaning of professionals.

In ruling as it did in Handelsgesellschaft the ECJ had, in effect, created a doctrine of unwritten rights which bound the Community institutions.

Following a press release from supporters of transgendered women attending the festival declaring, incorrectly, that the women-born-women policy was no longer in effect, Lisa Vogel reaffirmed her support of and the festival's adherence to the policy.

His law codes, which were written under Æthelred and Cnut, remained in effect through the reign of King Edward the Confessor, and were still being reaffirmed in 1100, when King Henry I of England swore a coronation oath to observe the laws of King Edward.

In its judgment delivered on 5 March 1996 the ECJ reaffirmed the right of reparation, and stated that it existed irrespective of whether the provision of Community law in question has direct effect.

However, the terms of Villafranca were never to come into effect: although they were reaffirmed by the final Treaty of Zürich in November, by then the agreement had become a dead letter.

* 2009 – The Treaty of Lisbon, which amends the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community, which together comprise the constitutional basis of European Union, comes into effect.

* Vlaams Parliament (" Flemish Parliament "; originally styled Vlaamse Raad " Flemish Council ") served both the Flemish Community ( whose same it uses ) and, in application of a Belgian constitutional option, of the region of Flanders ( in all matters of regional competence, its decisions have no effect in Brussels )

The constitutional amendment took effect July 10, 2011. This amendment shifted back to the ordaining body the responsibility for making decisions about whom they shall ordain and what they shall require of their candidates for ordination.

The original English statute itself may still be in effect in a number of US states or Canadian provinces, depending on the constitutional or reception statute of English law, and any subsequent legislative developments.

* November 9 – A new constitution comes into effect in the Kingdom of Nepal, establishing multiparty democracy and constitutional monarchy ; this is the culmination of the 1990 People's Movement.

This constitutional episode arose because of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the legislation introduced to give that Treaty legal effect.

Among other issues, the referendum paved the way for national elections and for the country to become a constitutional monarchy, changing the country's official name from the State of Bahrain to the Kingdom of Bahrain ( a change which took effect in February 2002 ).

Finally, the FCO prepared a second Order in Council for presentation to the Privy Council to effect the proposals made by the commission, including constitutional amendments relating to electoral boundaries and representation.

By constitutional convention, only the Prime Minister has the right to tender advice to the Sovereign on nominations for the office, and so in effect the Prime Minister may appoint the Governor-General ;

In effect it protects the British tradition of parliamentary supremacy under the American-style system of written constitutional rights and strong courts introduced in 1982.

The authorities soon restored order, and in 1514 by the Treaty of Tübingen the people undertook to pay the duke's debts in return for various political privileges, which in effect laid the foundation of the constitutional liberties of the country.

Grandi put on the table a resolution asking the king to resume his full constitutional powers — in effect, a vote leading to Mussolini's total ousting from leadership.

On 5 December, having in effect been told that he could not keep the throne and marry Simpson, and having had his request to broadcast to the Empire to explain " his side of the story " blocked on constitutional grounds, Edward chose the third option.

Quebec abolished religious education funded by the state through the Education Act, 1998 which took effect on July 1 of that same year, again after a constitutional amendment.

After a constitutional change in December 2008 resulting from Henri's refusal to sign a law legalizing euthanasia, laws now take effect without the grand duke's approval As a result, the grand duke is no longer even the nominal chief executive.

Executive orders are usually based on existing constitutional or statutory powers of the Governor and do not require any action by the state legislature to take effect.

Although false statements lack inherent value, the " breathing space " that freedom of expression requires in order to flourish must tolerate occasional false statements, lest there be an intolerable chilling effect on speech that does have constitutional value.

On June 7, 2005, the 300 delegates voted ( by a majority of 249 to 48 ) the constitutional amendments into effect, and so effectively abolished the National Assembly.

In effect, the first People's Political Consultative Conference served as a constitutional convention.

He was a delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1834, which drafted a new document to replace the one in effect since the state had been admitted in 1796, and which has many similarities to the 1870 constitution which is still in effect.

O ' Connor maintained that a sodomy law that was neutral both in effect and application might be constitutional, but that there was little to fear because " democratic society " would not tolerate it for long.

Similarly, the retroactive effect of legislation criminalizing certain war crimes retroactively have been held to be constitutional ( see Polyukhovich v Commonwealth ).