* Robin Simon, Hogarth, France and British Art: The rise of the arts in eighteenth-century Britain ( London, 2007 )

The Lunar Society was " the most important private scientific association in eighteenth-century England " and the Midlands Enlightenment " dominated the English experience of enlightenment ", but also maintained close links with other major centres of the Age of Enlightenment, particularly the universities of the Scottish Enlightenment, the Royal Society in London, and scientists, philosophers and academicians in France, Sweden, Saxony, Russia and America.

The appeal of an independent society, operating outside the law, has been imaginative evocative for centuries, but in eighteenth-century London philosophical thought, influenced by Thomas Hobbes and Rousseau's new formulations of social contract, the romanticization of thievery reached new levels.

Ballad opera has been called an " eighteenth-century protest against the Italian conquest of the London operatic scene " It consists of racy and often satirical spoken ( English ) dialogue, interspersed with songs that are deliberately kept very short ( mostly a single short stanza and refrain ) to minimize disruptions to the flow of the story, which involves lower class, often criminal, characters, and typically shows a suspension ( or inversion ) of the high moral values of the Italian opera of the period.

Also of eighteenth-century foundation is the Royal Academy of Arts ; its summer exhibition has been an annual fixture on the London social calendar since 1769.

* Fair Ladies at a Game of Poem Cards A drama in verses after an eighteenth-century Japanese puppet play by the Kabuki playwright Chikamatsu Monzaemon-First Produced 1996 Cottesloe auditorium of the Royal National Theatre, London, UK

In Belgium, a strong French architectural influence is evident in the seventeenth-century Château des Comtes de Marchin and the eighteenth-century Château de Seneffe.

He interpreted the Revolution of 1789 as a Providential event: the monarchy, the aristocracy, and the Ancien Régime in general, instead of directing the influence of French civilization to the benefit of mankind, had promoted the atheistic doctrines of the eighteenth-century philosophers.

The end of the eighteenth-century and the fall of the French monarchy closed the doors on Vallayer-Coster ’ s still life ‘ era ’ and opened them to her new style of florals.

The French Dining Room is so called because the eighteenth-century Rococo panelling ( or boiseries ) came from the Chateau d ' Asnieres near Paris, a chateau which was leased to Louis XV and his mistress Madame de Pompadour as a hunting lodge.

His firm's designs alternated between revivals of Gothic, Georgian, eighteenth-century French, and classical styles.

The museum's collection numbers nearly 5, 500 objects and is best known for its quality and breadth of eighteenth-century French paintings, Sèvres porcelain and French furniture.

During the 2008 Conservative Party Conference, Gove argued that Edmund Burke, an eighteenth-century philosopher who commented on organic society and the French Revolution, was the greatest conservative ever.

From this period we sometimes know the origins and authors of rhymes, like ' Twinkle Twinkle Little Star ', which combined an eighteenth-century French tune with a poem by English writer Jane Taylor and ' Mary Had a Little Lamb ', written by Sarah Josepha Hale of Boston in 1830.

* Sebastian Valmont, portrayed by Ryan Phillippe, a character in the 1999 film Cruel Intentions, which updates the eighteenth-century French novel to modern New York City in the late 1990s.

According to historian Peter Gay, the eighteenth-century French philosophes of the Enlightenment found Cicero's eclectic, Stoic-tinged paganism congenial: The ideal of humanitas was first brought to Rome by the philosophic circle around Scipio and further developed by Cicero.

In keeping with the French architecture of the house, the grounds of The Elms, among the best in Newport, were designed in French eighteenth-century taste and include a sunken garden.

Wharton subsequently introduced Codman to Cornelius Vanderbilt II, who hired Codman in 1894 to design the second and third floor rooms of his Newport summer home, The Breakers, which he did in a clean eighteenth-century French and Italian classical style.

Lake Maurepas was named for Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, comte de Maurepas, an eighteenth-century French statesman, chief adviser to King Louis XVI.

Memeskia ( c. 1695 – June 21, 1752 ), known as " Old Briton " by the British and as " La Demoiselle " by the French, was an eighteenth-century Piankashaw chieftain who fought against the French in 1747.

It seems that over time water pipes acquired an Iranian connotation as in eighteenth-century Egypt the most fashionable pipes were called Karim Khan after the Iranian ruler of the day.

Although the emphasis of the Lexicon Technicum was on mathematical subjects, its contents go beyond what would be called science or technology today, in conformity with the broad eighteenth-century understanding of the terms " arts " and " science ," and it includes entries on the humanities and fine arts, notably on law, commerce, music, and heraldry.

In eighteenth-century France, a small individual covered standing bowl on a small platter, essentially an individual tureen, was called an écuelle.

' Dry rot ' is an eighteenth-century term that generally described what is now called brown rot.

As historian John McManners argues, " In eighteenth-century France throne and altar were commonly spoken of as in close alliance ; their simultaneous collapse ... would one day provide the final proof of their interdependence.

" The eighteenth-century philosophers Shaftesbury and Hutcheson " were obviously inspired in part by Cumberland.

The Shakers were one of a few religious groups that formed in eighteenth-century England.

There were several Campbell families among the early settlers, and an eighteenth-century map labels the village simply Campbells.

Plans were made to turn Royal Hospital Kilmainham, an eighteenth-century former soldiers ' home in extensive parklands, into a full-time Parliament House.

As described by modern historian Malcolm Barber in The New Knighthood: " It was during the 1760s that German masons introduced a specific Templar connection, claiming that the Order, through its occupation of the Temple of Solomon, had been the repository of secret wisdom and magical powers, which James of Molay had handed down to his successor before his execution and of which the eighteenth-century Freemasons were the direct heirs.

Among its most expensive flops were Great Balls of Fire !, starring Dennis Quaid as Jerry Lee Lewis and Winona Ryder as his teenage bride ; She-Devil, a domestic horror comedy featuring Meryl Streep and Roseanne Arnold ; and Valmont, a remake of Les Liaisons dangereuses, an eighteenth-century novel and twentieth-century play that already had been adapted and released as Dangerous Liaisons just a few months earlier.

In the eighteenth-century bronze shoes and bronze plates on the knees were added.

By the end of the eighteenth-century there were around 500 workshops in the town supplying nails to the newly-built textile mills.

An eighteenth-century broadside ballad Broadside ballads were arguably the first form of commercial popular music in Britain.

There were exceptions: " galley slaves of the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul would be permanently confined to their galleys, and often served extremely long terms, averaging around nineteen years in the late seventeenth-century and early eighteenth-century periods.

The Joys were a family of Huguenot descent who added much to eighteenth-century Belfast, noted for their compiling materials for its history.

Everyone who opposed the Russian government in eighteenth-century Ukraine were derogatorily referred to as Mazepintsy ( Mazepists ).

Sharpers were romantic figures in the eighteenth-century, valued as imaginative figures for their perceived social independence and ability to create new social networks of gangs.

Pocock who argued in The Machiavellian Moment ( 1975 ) that, at least in the early eighteenth-century, republican ideas were just as important as liberal ones.

Friand was formerly the reputable name for a connaisseur of delicious things that were not eaten primarily for nourishment: " A good gourmet ", wrote the conservative eighteenth-century Dictionnaire de Trévoux, employing this original sense, " must have le goût friand ", or a refined palate.

" Up to 1792 ,... conflicts were, of course, those of kings, and followed the pattern of eighteenth-century warfare: sovereigns sought limited objectives and entertained no desire to overthrow their adversaries ' ruling ( and indeed usually ancient ) dynasty.

In eighteenth-century Montpellier, France, it was manufactured in household cellars, " where copper plates were stacked in clay pots filled with distilled wine.

Culottes were a common part of military uniforms during the European wars of the eighteenth-century ( the Great Northern War, the War of the Spanish Succession, the War of the Austrian Succession, the Seven Years ' War, the Franco-British Colonial Wars, and the American Revolution ).

" His ideas were taken very seriously in his own time: there were substantial reviews of his writings, and some late eighteenth-century critics of materialism directed their arguments against Cooper, rather than against the better-known Joseph Priestley.

His parents, Thomas and Frances Montoya, were Roman Catholic descendants of eighteenth-century Spanish settlers to New Mexico.