The collaboration between Kroeber and Sapir was made difficult by the fact that Sapir largely followed his own interest in detailed linguistic description, ignoring the administrative pressures to which Kroeber was subject, among them the need for a speedy completion and a focus on the broader classification issues.

Instead, a popular theory suggests linguistic updating, which is when " late forms may not in fact have been original to the book but may reflect the updating of vocabulary and grammar by later scribes so their contemporaries could understand the book better.

Some arguments are based on linguistic analysis, others on the fact that Freyja was not known in southern Germany, only in the north, and in some places the two goddesses were considered to be the same, while in others they were considered to be different.

To enforce that model, both sides have divergent language policy and educational systems, although the linguistic boundary is in fact well inside France, and the Alsace region changed hands four times between 1870 and 1945.

He argued that when Whorf was describing in English how a Hopi speaker's view of time was different, he was in fact translating the Hopi concept into English and therefore disproving the existence of linguistic relativity.

It is these two formulations of Roger Brown's which have become widely known and attributed to Whorf and Sapir while in fact the second formulation, verging on linguistic determinism, was never advanced by either of them.

The fact that what had been believed to be random differences between color naming in different languages could be shown to follow universal patterns was seen as a powerful argument against linguistic relativity.

Some researchers such as John A Lucy, Barbara Saunders and Stephen C Levinson have argued that Berlin and Kay's study does not in fact show that linguistic relativity in color naming is impossible, because of a number of basic unsupported assumptions in their study ( such as whether all cultures in fact have a category of " color " that can be unproblematically defined and equated with the one found in Indo-European languages ) and because of problems with their data stemming from those basic assumptions.

This theory is commonly attributed to Frank P. Ramsey, who held that the use of words like fact and truth was nothing but a roundabout way of asserting a proposition, and that treating these words as separate problems in isolation from judgment was merely a " linguistic muddle ".

By borrowing heavily from numerous other languages it expresses a natural linguistic evolution ; in fact, it is as natural as the next language, as demonstrated in its exceptional capacity for absorbing foreign vocabulary.

For example, in opposition to subject-centred reason, Habermas has proposed a model of communicative reason that sees it as an essentially cooperative activity, based on the fact of linguistic intersubjectivity.

Tolkien wrote in one of his letters: " what I think is a primary ‘ fact ’ about my work, that it is all of a piece, and fundamentally linguistic in inspiration.

Chomsky noted the obvious fact that people, when speaking in the real world, often make linguistic errors ( e. g., starting a sentence and then abandoning it midway through ).

In fact, iconicity is now widely acknowledged to be a significant factor at many levels of linguistic structure.

The Ruhr is used for the preparation of drinking water and is of good quality, a fact that contains a certain linguistic irony, since the word " Ruhr " means dysentery in the German language.

The fact that the Weishu states the Kumo Xi spoke the same language as the Khitan and that the Hou Hanshu states the Wuhuan spoke the same language as the Xianbei indicate relative linguistic homogeneity within the Xianbei and a common Mongolic identity of the Wuhuan and Xianbei as remnants of the Donghu confederation.

The fact that Aryan is essentially a linguistic rather than a racial category led to some difficulty reconciling Nazi-supported racial typologies with the Aryan concept.

The delimitation of the Mongolian language within Mongolic is a much disputed theoretical problem, one whose resolution is impeded by the fact that existing data for the major varieties is not easily arrangeable according to a common set of linguistic criteria.

He feels, in fact, that the exemplary center idea is one of linguistic anthropology's three most important findings.

It is true that language is not a " brute fact ," that it is an institutional fact, a human convention, a metaphysical reality ( that happens to be physically uttered ), but Searle points out that there are language-independent thoughts " noninstitutional, primitive, biological inclinations and cognitions not requiring any linguistic devices ," and that there are many " brute facts " amongst both humans and animals that are truths that should not be altered in the social constructs because language does not truly constitute them, despite the attempt to institute them for any group's gain: money and property are language dependent, but desires ( thirst, hunger ) and emotions ( fear, rage ) are not.

Those who support the arguments favoring the reality of linguistic imperialism claim that arguments against it are often advanced by monolingual native-speakers of English who may see the current status of English as a fact worthy of celebration.

Óðr is often theorized as somehow connected to Odin ( Old Norse: Óðinn ), the head of the Æsir in Norse mythology, by way of etymological similarities between the two ( Lindow states that the linguistic relationship is identical to that of Ullr and Ullin — often considered as variant names of a single god ), and the fact that both are described as going on long journeys, though Lindow points out that Snorri is careful to keep them apart.

But few who have experienced marriage can dispute the fact that the focus of interpersonal relationships is different in marriage than in a pre-marital situation.

In fact, it is in just such a situation that the profundity of Bultmann's argument is disclosed.

" He points to the fact that the Pope claims universal jurisdiction and he therefore argues that " it would be intolerable to have, as the sovereign of a Protestant and free country, one who owes any allegiance to the head of any other state " and contends that if such situation came about " we will have undone centuries of common law.

They operate under a permanent threat of being closed down for violating various government regulations, such as misstating their corporate name on publications or operating out of an office not registered with the government ( in fact, this is the situation for all private enterprises in Belarus ).

In fact, earlier in the 1908 season, the identical situation had been brought to the umpires ' attention by Evers ; the umpire that day was the same Hank O ' Day.

* Historical Situation → The historical situation goes through three stages: in chapters 1 – 39 the prophet speaks of a judgment which will befall the wicked Israelites ; in chapters 40 – 55 the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple ( 587 BCE ) is treated as an accomplished fact and the fall of Babylon as an imminent threat ; and in chapters 56 – 66 the fall of Babylon is already in the past.

The situation is exacerbated by the fact that these 140 or so animals are spread across four isolated populations.

In this situation, the chain rule represents the fact that the derivative of is the composite of the derivative of f and the derivative of g. This theorem is an immediate consequence of the higher dimensional chain rule given above, and it has exactly the same formula.

With inflation hitting 33 percent in 1990, there was, in fact, a negative real interest rate, but this situation reversed in 1991 when rates were high relative to inflation.

The fact that the Greek government, led by Dimitrios Rallis, proved unable to likewise take advantage of the situation and bring Crete into the fold, rankled with many Greeks, especially with young officers.

The situation is further complicated by the fact that parts of the current Polish population in historical eastern Germany are themselves expellees ( or descendants of expellees ) who were expelled from Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union and were forced to leave their homes and property behind as well.

A false dilemma ( also called false dichotomy, the either-or fallacy, fallacy of false choice, black-and-white thinking, or the fallacy of exhaustive hypotheses ) is a type of logical fallacy that involves a situation in which only two alternatives are considered, when in fact there is at least one additional option.

One might proceed with this story, and consider the fact that in general the actual situation could have been different.

This would deal with the situation, for example, when the accused imagines he is cutting through a loaf of bread, whereas in fact he is cutting through a person's neck.

) The game is in some ways modeled on modern government systems, and demonstrates that in any such system where rule-changes are possible, a situation may arise in which the resulting laws are contradictory or insufficient to determine what is in fact legal.

Sobran also believes " scholars have largely ignored one of the chief themes of the Sonnets: the poet's sense of disgrace .... here can be no doubt that the poet is referring to something real that he expects his friends to know about ; in fact, he makes clear that a wide public knows about it ... Once again the poet's situation matches Oxford's ....

It placed subjects in a situation where an accusation of academic fraud ( cheating ) could be made, of which some subjects were in fact by design actually guilty ( and knew this ), and some were innocent but faced seemingly strong evidence of guilt and no verifiable proof of innocence.

As its first order of business, the Universal House of Justice evaluated the situation caused by the fact that the Guardian had not appointed a successor.

A state's consent may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion, which formed the " essential basis " of the state's consent.

In 1959, she achieved a success with the Noël Coward comedy Look After Lulu, with The Times critic describing her as " beautiful, delectably cool and matter of fact, she is mistress of every situation.

Analyzing Gretzky ’ s hockey skills, he says, " What we take to be creative genius is in fact a reaction to a situation that he has stored in his brain as deeply and firmly as his own phone number.

The paradox arises from the fact that this information, which colors our spontaneous view of the situation, is not incorporated in the usual treatments of the inductive situation.

This situation is complicated by the fact that many venture capitalists will refuse to sign an NDA before looking at a business plan, lest it put them in the untenable position of looking at two independently developed look-alike business plans, both claiming originality.