Lactase produced commercially can be extracted both from yeasts such as Kluyveromyces fragilis and Kluyveromyces lactis and from fungi, such as Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae.

" Mushroom " describes a variety of gilled fungi, with or without stems, and the term is used even more generally, to describe both the fleshy fruiting bodies of some Ascomycota and the woody or leathery fruiting bodies of some Basidiomycota, depending upon the context of the word.

Most antibiotics that function on bacterial pathogens cannot be used to treat fungal infections because fungi and their hosts both have eukaryotic cells.

It includes both hyphal fungi ( Neolecta, Taphrina, Archaeorhizomyces ), fission yeasts ( Schizosaccharomyces ), and the mammalian lung parasite, Pneumocystis.

However, in spite of this apparently very great difference in form, recent mycological research, both at microscopic and molecular level has shown that sometimes species of open mushrooms are much more closely related to particular species of gasteroid fungi than they are to each other.

The fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually via the production of spores and other structures.

Examples of drug-resistant strains are to be found in microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses, parasites both endo-and ecto -, plants, fungi, arthropods, mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and amphibians.

Amoebozoa are now considered by most to form a separate kingdom-level clade, being more closely related to both animals and fungi than to plants.

Tissue from biopsy of lymph nodes is subjected to both flow cytometry to rule out cancer and special stains ( acid fast bacilli stain and Gömöri methenamine silver stain ) to rule out microorganisms and fungi.

The host range of these fungi is extremely broad, and includes animals, ranging from arthropods to humans, as well as plants, including a range of both gymnosperms and angiosperms.

In addition to the variable inclusion or exclusion of groups with intermediate features, they have frequently been split into two different groups alongside homobasidiomycetes ( one including either only smuts or both smuts and rusts, and the other including the remaining heterobasidiomycetes, mainly jelly fungi ).

The persistence of the seed bank and suppression of mycorrhizal fungi both complicate restoration of invaded areas because long-term removal is required to deplete the seed bank and allow recovery of mycorrhizae.

* Ambrosia beetles and ambrosia fungi are thus only one end of the spectrum of the weevil-fungus association, where both the beetle and the fungus became completely dependent on each other.

In Chinese medicine it is regarded as having an excellent balance of yin and yang as it is apparently both animal and vegetable ( though it is in actuality not vegetable, but fungi ).

Failure to collect a suitable sample can be due in part to not sampling from areas where suitable pollen samples can be gathered ( e. g. lakes and bogs, sites that were sufficiently exposed to air-borne pollen, sites that had both a long exposure to air and are deeply buried into the ground ), or because pollen is vulnerable to destruction by the oxidation process or soil microbes such as bacteria and fungi, it negatively impacts an archaeologist ’ s ability to collect a suitable pollen sample.

Eucinetids live in detritus or in fungus-covered tree bark, where both adults and larvae eat various sorts of fungi.

Unlike bacteria, both fungi and humans are eukaryotes.

In addition, there are several MAPKs in both fungi and animals, whose origins are less clear, either due to high divergence ( e. g. NLK ), or due to possibly being an early offshoot to the entire MAPK family ( ERK3, ERK4, ERK7 ).

However, many fungi reproduce only asexually, and cannot be easily placed in a classification based on sexual characters ; some produce both asexual and sexual states.

Even among fungi that reproduce both sexually and asexually, often only one method of reproduction can be observed at a specific point in time or under specific conditions.

A finetuning of the signaling processes would improve coordination and nutrient exchange between symbionts while increasing the fitness of both the fungi and the plant symbionts.

In both cases, the symbiotic plant-fungi interaction is thought to have evolved from a relationship in which the fungi was taking nutrients from the plant into a symbiotic relationship where the plant and fungi exchange nutrients.

Stems and roots can be rotted by diseases caused by fungi and similar organisms ; these include infections by species of Fusarium ( a fungus ), and Phytophthora and Pythium ( both water moulds ).

Yeasts, like all fungi, may have asexual and sexual reproductive cycles.

The dimorphic Basidiomycota with yeast stages and the pleiomorphic rusts are examples of fungi with anamorphs, which are the asexual stages.

Haploid spores produced by mitosis ( known as mitospores ) are used by many fungi for asexual reproduction.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have ( possibly ) been asexual for many millions of years and, unusually, individuals can contain many genetically different nuclei ( a phenomenon called heterokaryosis ).

The fungi produce asexual spores which disperse by wind, water or by insect vectors spreading the infection.

Spores are asexual reproductive bodies of ferns, mosses and fungi.

A similar asexual method is used by fungi and is termed parasexuality.

Conidia are asexual reproductive ( reproduction without the fusing of gametes ) spores of fungi which germinate under specific conditions.

All ambrosia fungi are probably asexual and clonal.

Although little is known of the anamorphic stage of P. semilanceata beyond the confines of laboratory culture, in general, the morphology of the asexual structures may be used as classical characters in phylogenetic analyses to help understand the evolutionary relationships between related groups of fungi.

These anamorphic ( asexual or imperfect fungi ) genera are: Microsporum, Epidermophyton and Trichophyton.

The sterile fungi, or mycelia sterilia are a group of fungi that do not produce any known spores, either sexual or asexual.

* Gemma ( botany ), an asexual reproductive structure in plants and fungi

In addition to animals, plants, and fungi, other eukaryotes ( e. g. the malaria parasite ) also engage in sexual reproduction.

These include the following sexual ( teleomorphic ) groups, defined by the structures of their sexual fruiting bodies: the Discomycetes, which included all species forming apothecia ; the Pyrenomycetes, which included all sac fungi that formed perithecia or pseudothecia, or any structure resembling these morphological structures ; and the Plectomycetes, which included those species that form cleistothecia.

Some ascomyceous fungi, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, grow as single-celled yeasts, which — during sexual reproduction — develop into an ascus, and do not form fruiting bodies.

Many lichen fungi appear to reproduce sexually in a manner typical of fungi, producing spores that are presumably the result of sexual fusion and meiosis.

An ascus ( plural asci ; from Greek ἀσκός " skin bag ") is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi.

Like in animals, mating in other Eukaryotes, such as plants and fungi, denotes sexual conjugation.

However, in vascular plants this is mostly achieved without physical contact between mating individuals ( see pollination ), and in some cases, e. g., in fungi no distinguishable male or female organs exist ( see isogamy ); however, mating types in some fungal species are somewhat analogous to sexual dimorphism in animals, and determine whether or not two individual isolates can mate.

* Anton de Bary publishes his first work on fungi, describing sexual reproduction in Peronospora.

The sexual forms or teleomorphs of Cryptococcus species are filamentous fungi in the genus Filobasidiella.

In fungi that lack sexual cycles, it is an important source of genetic variation through the formation of somatic diploids.

A zoosporangium is the sexual structure ( sporangium ) in which the zoospores develop in a plant, fungi, or protists ( such as the Oomycota )

At present, Article 59 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature permits mycologists to give asexually reproducing fungi ( anamorphs ) separate names from their sexual states ( teleomorphs ) but this practice will be discontinued as of January 1, 2013.

A decade later, it was starting to become obvious that fungi with no known sexual stage could confidently be placed in genera which were typified by species in which the sexual stage was known, and the issue of the abandonment of the dual nomenclatural system was posited.

A. F. Blakeslee in 1904 discovered that many of these fungi are heterothallic, that is, they require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores.

Plasmogamy is a stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi.

This can occur naturally, such as in the mycelium of fungi during sexual reproduction, or artificially as formed by the experimental fusion of two genetically different cells.