In general, mitochondrial genomes are circular, although exceptions have been reported.

The early view that " black " and " white " mantas were different species was also discounted through a study of mitochondrial DNA in 2001, which however did reveal some general geographic patterns: Based on limited sampling, west Pacific mantas formed one clade, east Pacific and some Caribbean mantas formed a second clade, and finally the remaining Caribbean mantas formed a third clade.

* The Seven Daughters of Eve presents the theory of human mitochondrial genetics to a general audience.

For human mitochondrial DNA ( and probably for that of metazoans in general ), 100-10, 000 separate copies of mtDNA are usually present per cell ( egg and sperm cells are exceptions ).

While heteroplasmy in general includes mutations present in any fraction of mtDNA ( from fractions of a percent to almost a hundred percent ), microheteroplasmy is the presence of mutations levels of up to about 2 − 5 % of mitochondrial genomes.

The Seven Daughters of Eve ( 2001, ISBN 0-393-02018-5 ) is a book by Bryan Sykes that presents the theory of human mitochondrial genetics to a general audience.

In general, DNA polymerases are extremely accurate, making less than one mistake for every 10 < sup > 7 </ sup > nucleotides added.

* Introduction to Genetic Engineering Covers general information on Genetic Engineering including cloning, stem cells and DNA.

The results of the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment, published in 1944, suggested that DNA was the genetic material, but there was still some hesitation within the general scientific community to accept this, which set the stage for the Hershey – Chase experiment.

In general, in eukaryotes, episomes are closed circular DNA molecules that are replicated in the nucleus.

The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure, but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA.

In general, however, ionizing radiation is far more harmful to living organisms per unit of energy deposited than non-ionizing radiation, since the ions that are produced by ionizing radiation, even at low radiation powers, have the potential to cause DNA damage.

In biochemistry and structural biology, secondary structure is the general three-dimensional form of local segments of biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids ( DNA / RNA ).

< li > Type I coactivators ( i. e., coregulators ) are thought to influence AR transcriptional activity by facilitating DNA occupancy, chromatin remodeling, or the recruitment of general transcription factors associated with RNA polymerase II holocomplex.

The meiosis-specific recombinase Dmc1 and the general recombinase Rad51 coat the single-stranded DNA to form nucleoprotein filaments.

Unlike their paternal DNA, the maternal lineages of Nilotes in general show low-to-negligible amounts of Afro-Asiatic and other extraneous influences.

The general transfers describe the normal flow of biological information: DNA can be copied to DNA ( DNA replication ), DNA information can be copied into mRNA ( transcription ), and proteins can be synthesized using the information in mRNA as a template ( translation ).

This mechanism may be useful in explaining the drug's general cytotoxic and anti-DNA replication effect ( i. e. its toxicity ) as well as some effect on DNA viral replication.

In general gene expression is regulated through changes in the number and type of interactions between molecules that collectively influence transcription of DNA and translation of RNA.

The general DNA profiles of both Pinot gris and blanc are identical to Pinot noir ; and other Pinots, Pinot moure and Pinot teinturier, are also genetically similarly close.

A general DNA study was arranged by the world-renowned researcher of the etrog, Prof. Goldschmidt and colleagues, who positively testified 12 famous accessions of citron for purity and being genetically related.

As an example, Aran Nayebi has provided a general implementation of Strassen's matrix multiplication algorithm on a DNA computer, although there are problems with scaling.

The data gained from the myoglobin intron II DNA sequence disagrees strongly with mtDNA cytochrome b sequence data regarding the validity of Lepidocolaptes in general Irestedt et al.

The RTE client does not have a general purpose operating system-it usually lacks shells ( terminal windows ), is not designed to be patched ( updated online ), has minimal connectivity to external resources, and is often found in read-only media ( e. g. tamper-resistant ROM chips, CD-ROM, etc .).

The independent Fitch Ratings credit-rating agency downgraded the city of Chicago's bond rating in August 2010, citing the Daley administration ’ s habit of drawing on reserve funds for general operating expenses and underpaying its pension funds since well before the recession started, and pointed out the city lacks a plan for developing new revenue and faces a rising tide of fixed operating costs.

Some schools practice with fukuro shinai ( a bamboo sword covered with leather or cloth ) under circumstances where the student lacks the ability to safely control a bokuto at full speed or as a general safety precaution.

Related comments are made by the narrator in The Player of Games regarding gender-specific pronouns, and by general reflection on the fact that Marain places much less structural emphasis on ( or even lacks ) concepts like possession and ownership, dominance and submission, and especially aggression.

Because Gardner claimed that the intelligences are innate potentialities related to a general content area, MI theory lacks a rationale for the phylogenetic emergence of the intelligences.

However, he has been accused of making over-generalizations: many scholars think he lacks sufficient evidence to put forth his ideas as universal, or even general, principles of religious thought.

Often heard arguments against OSS are: the API is practically impossible to virtualize, it lacks support for modern audio features such as timer-based scheduling or proper surround sound support, inability of its developers to work with the Linux kernel community, lack of integration with modern kernel features such as the device model, too low-level interface, as well as general rejection of its design with moving a lot of signal processing code into the kernel.

This fringe community lacks any effective electricity, water or sewer systems, with a general lack of infrastructure.

However, this theory has yet to be proven, and lacks any real recognition among the general Venezuelan population, historians, or otherwise.

It consists of general language that lacks expression of remorse for lives lost.

Although similar in general appearance to the honey locust, it lacks that tree's characteristic long branched spines on the trunk, instead having the pairs of short thorns at the base of each leaf ; the leaflets are also much broader.

However, because it often lacks a formal general law basis for the succession, there are often long periods of uncertainty as to the identity of the successor.

HSDD can be general ( general lack of sexual desire ) or situational ( still has sexual desire, but lacks sexual desire for current partner ), and it can be acquired ( HSDD started after a period of normal sexual functioning ) or lifelong ( the person has always had no / low sexual desire.

In type-theoretic foundations of mathematics, setoids may be used in a type theory that lacks quotient types to model general mathematical sets.

The US government ’ s Plain English lacks the strict vocabulary restrictions of the aerospace standard, but it represents an attempt at a more general writing standard.

AIX supports USB mass storage devices since the 5. 3 T9 and 6. 1 T3 releases, but it is not well supported and lacks some features ( like partitioning and using it as general block device in system ).

and eventually " pimba " acquired the general meaning of a cultural attitude that lacks intellectual content or quality and is tasteless and vulgar, disconneted from literacy or genuine popular traditions.

One striking feature that visitors will notice is that the black section, similarly to the adjoining Potter's Field, lacks a great deal of headstones, monuments, and grave markers in general.

The Abel-Ruffini theorem states that the general quintic equation lacks an algebraic solution, and this directly implies that the general polynomial equation of degree n, for n ≥ 5, cannot be solved algebraically.

An astronomical survey is a general map or image of a region of the sky which lacks a specific observational target.

He is capable of hitting big winners with his forehand, but in general, his rally forehand lacks consistent depth.

It is of similar size, shape, general coloration, it lacks the red stripe on its back, but may have some red, orange or yellow on its abdomen, as well as the general location where katipos are found.