In algorithmic information theory ( a subfield of computer science ), the Kolmogorov complexity of an object, such as a piece of text, is a measure of the computational resources needed to specify the object.

Algorithmic information theory is the area of computer science that studies Kolmogorov complexity and other complexity measures on strings ( or other data structures ).

In the 1970s, Abraham Moles and Frieder Nake were among the first to analyze links between aesthetics, information processing, and information theory.

This is closely related to the principles of algorithmic information theory and minimum description length.

This was based on lack of intelligence information and reflected the American nuclear warfare theory and military doctrines.

Researchers at Bell developed radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, information theory, the UNIX operating system, the C programming language and the C ++ programming language.

Bandwidth in hertz is a central concept in many fields, including electronics, information theory, digital communications, radio communications, signal processing, and spectroscopy.

Bioinformatics also deals with algorithms, databases and information systems, web technologies, artificial intelligence and soft computing, information and computation theory, structural biology, software engineering, data mining, image processing, modeling and simulation, discrete mathematics, control and system theory, circuit theory, and statistics.

The cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that all cells come from preexisting cells, that vital functions of an organism occur within cells, and that all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells.

processes that describe and transform information: their theory, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, and application.

In information theory and computer science, a code is usually considered as an algorithm which uniquely represents symbols from some source alphabet, by encoded strings, which may be in some other target alphabet.

Claude Shannon proved, using information theory considerations, that any theoretically unbreakable cipher must have keys which are at least as long as the plaintext, and used only once: one-time pad.

These measurements are expected to provide further confirmation of the theory as well as information about cosmic inflation, and the so-called secondary anisotropies, such as the Sunyaev-Zel ' dovich effect and Sachs-Wolfe effect, which are caused by interaction between galaxies and clusters with the cosmic microwave background.

Shannon's work on information theory showed that to achieve so called perfect secrecy, it is necessary for the key length to be at least as large as the message to be transmitted and only used once ( this algorithm is called the One-time pad ).

This is totally spurious, since no matter who measured first the other will measure the opposite spin despite the fact that ( in theory ) the other has a 50 % ' probability ' ( 50: 50 chance ) of measuring the same spin, unless data about the first spin measurement has somehow passed faster than light ( of course TI gets around the light speed limit by having information travel backwards in time instead ).

* Algorithmic information theory

and ( C ) to finance, for not more than three years beyond the end of said period, such activities as are required to correlate, coordinate, and round out the results of studies and research undertaken pursuant to this Act: Provided, That funds available in any one year for research and development may, subject to the approval of the Secretary of State to assure that such activities are consistent with the foreign policy objectives of the United States, be expended in cooperation with public or private agencies in foreign countries in the development of processes useful to the program in the United States: And provided further, That every such contract or agreement made with any public or private agency in a foreign country shall contain provisions effective to insure that the results or information developed in connection therewith shall be available without cost to the United States for the use of the United States throughout the world and for the use of the general public within the United States.

In fact, one of the major reasons for the failure of the ill-starred expedition appears to have been a lack of full information on the extent to which Cuba has been getting this Russian military equipment.

They had been kind to us and we were indebted to them for one or two pleasant dinners, and for information as to where to shop, which dentist, doctor, plumber, and sitter to call ( not that there was much of a choice, since Catatonia was just a village ; ;

In matters of exact information, that kept her one step behind developments ; ;

Being a strictly physiological procedure, one may expect from such a study additional information on the nature of the emotional process itself.

Thus, when more than one distinct form leads to a particular cell in the X-region, a chain of information cells must be created to accommodate the forms, one cell in the chain for each form.

In Oslo, the ministers have met in a climate of candor, and made a genuine attempt to get information and understanding one another's problems.

Ambiguity of information, in words, pictures, or other media, is the ability to express more than one interpretation.

For example, the same piece of information may be ambiguous in one context and unambiguous in another.

Allocution refers to the one way dissemination of information through a media channel.

It assumes that one party has an unlimited amount of information ( usually through some kind of expertise ) and can act as the ‘ information services provider ’ ( pg 268 ) while the other party acts as the ‘ information services consumer ’ ( Bordewijk and Kaam, 1986: 268 )

In this, some base signal ( e. g., a sinusoidal carrier wave ) has one of its properties modulated: amplitude modulation involves altering the amplitude of a sinusoidal voltage waveform by the source information, frequency modulation changes the frequency.

Suspicious, the Blight discovers that one of the ships contains a data storage device in its cargo manifest ; assuming it contains information that could harm it, the Blight destroys the ship.

Analog ( or analogue ) television is the analog transmission that involves the broadcasting of encoded analog audio and analog video signal: one in which the information to be transmitted, the brightness and colors of the points in the image and the sound waves of the audio signal are represented by continuous variations of some aspect of the signal ; its amplitude, frequency or phase.

A channel actually consists of two signals: the picture information is transmitted using amplitude modulation on one frequency, and the sound is transmitted with frequency modulation at a frequency at a fixed offset ( typically 4. 5 to 6 MHz ) from the picture signal.

This information was then summarized as pieces of papyrus scroll into one big yearly account for each particular sub — division of the estate.

Anemometers can be divided into two classes: those that measure the wind's speed, and those that measure the wind's pressure ; but as there is a close connection between the pressure and the speed, an anemometer designed for one will give information about both.

A bit ( a contraction of binary digit ) is the basic capacity of information in computing and telecommunications ; a bit can have the value of either 1 or 0 ( one or zero ) only.

In all those systems, the medium ( card or tape ) conceptually carried an array of hole positions ; each position could be either punched through or not, thus carrying one bit of information.

Stenton regarded it as one of the " small class of books which transcend all but the most fundamental conditions of time and place ", and regarded its quality as dependent on Bede's " astonishing power of co-ordinating the fragments of information which came to him through tradition, the relation of friends, or documentary evidence ...

The killer, if in our present group, would certainly be interested in knowing that much, and even though with the fingerprint evidence what it was I could see no way he could use this bit of information to improve on his situation, there might always be some way.

The symbol for bit, as a unit of information, is either simply " bit " ( recommended by the ISO / IEC standard 80000-13 ( 2008 )) or lowercase " b " ( recommended by the IEEE 1541 Standard ( 2002 )).

In computing, a binary prefix is a specifier or mnemonic that is prepended to the units of digital information, the bit and the byte, to indicate multiplication by a power of 1024.

In the relational model, some bit of information was used as a " key ", uniquely defining a particular record.

As is obvious by its definition bit rate is a measure of the rate of information content of the digital video stream.

In the Prose Edda, additional information is given about Fenrir, including that, due to the gods ' knowledge of prophecies foretelling great trouble from Fenrir and his rapid growth, the gods bound him, and as a result Fenrir bit off the right hand of the god Týr.

The holographic principle thus implies that the subdivisions must stop at some level, and that the fundamental particle is a bit ( 1 or 0 ) of information.

* the bit — a new way of seeing the most fundamental unit of information.

The most common unit of information is the bit, based on the binary logarithm.

The erasure represents complete loss of information about an input bit.

While the bit patterns of the 95 printable ASCII characters are sufficient to exchange information in modern English, most other languages that use the Latin alphabet need additional symbols not covered by ASCII, such as ß ( German ), ñ ( Spanish ), å ( Swedish and other Nordic languages ) and ő ( Hungarian ).

That is, it has more information per bit, or a higher entropy.

This means a compressed message is more unpredictable, because there is no redundancy ; each bit of the message is communicating a unique bit of information.

Roughly speaking, Shannon's source coding theorem says that a lossless compression scheme cannot compress messages, on average, to have more than one bit of information per bit of message.

JNG files embed an 8-bit or 12-bit JPEG datastream in order to store color data, and may embed another datastream ( 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 bit PNG, or 8 bit JPEG grayscale image ) for transparency information.

However, a second definition and usage has historically been in practice in many fields of computer science and information technology, which defines the prefix kilo when used with byte or bit units of data as 1024 ( 2 < sup > 10 </ sup >); this is due to the mathematical coincidence that Thus, in these fields 1 kilobyte is equal to 1 kibibyte, a new unit standardized as part of the binary prefixes to resolve the ambiguity.