Sinkholes, caves and caverns, disappearing streams, hummocky hills, and terra rosa ( residual red ) soils in the valleys are distinguishing features of a karst landscape ; all these are present in Jamaica.

Some karst regions include thousands of caves, although evidence of caves large enough for human exploration is not a required characteristic of karst.

Beneath the surface, complex underground drainage systems ( such as karst aquifers ) and extensive caves and cavern systems may form.

The reaction of acid with carbonates — most commonly found as the polymorph calcite and aragonite ( CaCO < sub > 3 </ sub >) relates to the dissolution and precipitation of the mineral, which is key in the formation of limestone caves, features within them such as stalactite and stalagmites, and karst landforms.

This region also hosts karst topography characterized by high limestone content with the formation of sinkholes and caves.

The limestone floor of the Summan plateau, a karst area to the east of the Dahna sands, is riddled with such caves, known locally as Dahls.

The area is characterized by thin loess soil cover, isolated patches of glacial drift, deeply entrenched river valleys, and karst ( sinkholes, caves, and springs ) topography.

In the wider region of the Varna lakes ( before the 1900s, freshwater ) and the adjacent karst springs and caves, over 30 prehistoric settlements have been unearthed with the earliest artifacts dating back to the Middle Paleolithic or 100, 000 years ago.

There is also a chain of twenty karst caves in the massif.

The county is located in the Ozarks region, with steep hills and deep valleys, caves, springs, and sinkholes characteristic of karst areas.

Speleology ( also spelled spelæology or spelaeology ) is the scientific study of caves and other karst features, their make-up, structure, physical properties, history, life forms, and the processes by which they form ( speleogenesis ) and change over time ( speleomorphology ).

The terrain underlying Tongass is divided between karst ( limestone rock, well-drained soil, and many caves ), and granite ( poorly drained soil ).

A excavation of the karst caves in the Muotatal ( Muota valley ) revealed numerous sites, some dating back to the Younger Dryas period ( c. 10, 000 BC ).

There are many karst caves in the South of Primorye.

The Pennyroyal Plateau, or, as it is more commonly called in Kentucky, the Pennyrile, is a large area of the state that features rolling hills, caves, and karst topography in general.

Subsidence frequently causes major problems in karst terrains, where dissolution of limestone by fluid flow in the subsurface causes the creation of voids ( i. e. caves ).

About southeast of the city is the Stone Forest, a karst formation developed as a tourist attraction consisting of rock caves, arches, and pavilions.

The spring actually contains water from the Danube which moves through karst caves underneath the European watershed.

South of the mountain is the Zugspitzplatt, a high karst plateau with numerous caves.

Ipoh is surrounded by limestone caves due to the surrounding karst formations especially the Tempurung Cave which is the largest and deepest in Peninsula Malaysia.

There are risks of subsidence due to the presence of caves and underground channels typical of karst environments.

In the area there examples of all the typical forms of karst: bizarre shapes formed by the atmosphere, unexplored caves, areas of flat rock and, above all, cliffs.

In addition areas of karst landscapes which are underlain by underground caverns and potential sinkholes or collapse features are of importance for these scientists.

All these island lakes occupy drowned dolines within fengcong karst.

On a smaller scale, these karst processes are still working.

As is common in karst, underground river network have formed by dissolution, and these have been explored and mapped by cave diving through sinkhole collapses locally called cenotes.

It is difficult to interpret these facts in terms of the development of karst systems controlled by contemporary sea level, or within the range of its Pleistocene fluctuations ( up to − 150 m ).

In combination with the existence of the Arabika Submarine Depression, all these facts point to the possibility that karst systems in Arabika could have originated in response to the Messinian salinity crisis ( 5. 96 – 5. 33 Ma ) when the Black Sea ( Eastern Paratethys ) could have almost dried up, as did the adjacent Mediterranean, where the dramatic sea level drop of ~ 1, 500 m is well established.

Later, during the Pleistocene, these valleys were further enlarged and modified by fluvial, karst, and other processes during interglacial drops of sea level within the 100 meter range.

During these periods of interglacial low sea level, additional steep-sided valleys, which were later flooded to create calanques, along the Mediterranean coastline were formed by fluvial and karst processes.

East-west trending faults and the karst topography present along the northern border of the Amazon basin may have some role in supplying water to the river.

However, distinctive karst surface features may be completely absent where the soluble rock is mantled, such as by glacial debris, or confined by one or more superimposed non-soluble rock strata.

Large-scale features may include limestone pavements, poljes, and karst valleys.

Mature karst landscapes, where more bedrock has been removed than remains, may result in karst towers, or haystack / eggbox landscapes.

Rivers in karst areas may disappear underground a number of times and spring up again in different places, usually under a different name ( like Ljubljanica, the river of seven names ).

Water supplies from wells in karst topography may be unsafe, as the water may have run unimpeded from a sinkhole in a cattle pasture, through a cave and to the well, bypassing the normal filtering that occurs in a porous aquifer.

Overloaded or malfunctioning septic tanks in karst landscapes may dump raw sewage directly into underground channels.

This may occur in eroded limestone areas known as karst topography, which make up only a small percentage of Earth's area.

In karst topography, rivers may disappear through sinkholes, continuing underground.

A polje or karst polje covers the flatbottomed lands of closed basins which may extend over large areas, up to 1, 000 km².

** Within an area of karst topography, where streams may sink, or flow underground ( a sinking or losing stream ) and then reappear in a nearby stream valley.