The great majority of present-day linguists fall into one or more of a number of overlapping types: those who are convinced that tone cannot be analysed, those who are personally scared of tone and tone languages generally, those who are convinced that tone is merely an unnecessary marginal feature in those languages where it occurs, those who have no idea how to proceed with tone analysis, those who take a simplistic view of the whole matter.

Austro-Asiatic languages have a disjunct distribution across India, Bangladesh and Southeast Asia, separated by regions where other languages are spoken.

The term Afroasiatic Urheimat ( Urheimat meaning " original homeland " in German ) refers to the ' hypothetical ' place where Proto-Afroasiatic speakers lived in a single linguistic community, or complex of communities, before this original language dispersed geographically and divided into distinct languages.

The Greek alphabet, in its Euboean form, was carried over by Greek colonists to the Italian peninsula, where it gave rise to a variety of alphabets used to write the Italic languages.

At the other extreme are languages such as English, where the spelling of many words simply has to be memorized as they do not correspond to sounds in a consistent way.

The diverse ethnic communities – the Ovimbundu, Ambundu, Bakongo, Chokwe, and other peoples – maintain to varying degrees their own cultural traits, traditions and languages, but in the cities, where slightly more than half of the population now lives, a mixed culture has been emerging since colonial times – in Luanda since its foundation in the 16th century.

* Observing evidence for contact between languages, which may indicate approximately when and where they were adjacent to each other.

Similarly, languages often avoid configurations where a semivowel precedes its corresponding vowel.

In regions such as Latin America where these languages are spoken, negro ( pronounced slightly differently than Negro in English ), is a normal word used without disparaging intent in relation to black people.

As in so many programming languages, the operation ( V, x ) is often written V ← x ( or some similar notation ), and ( V ) is implied whenever a variable V is used in a context where a value is required.

After the Partitions of Poland, most of the Baltic lands were under the rule of the Russian Empire, where the native languages were sometimes prohibited from being written down, or used publicly.

Since the early 20th century it has been commonly accepted that Old Irish Bel ( l ) taine is derived from a Common Celtic * belo-te ( p ) niâ, meaning " bright fire " ( where the element * belo-might be cognate with the English word bale in ' bale-fire ' meaning ' white ' or ' shining '; compare Anglo-Saxon bael, and Lithuanian / Latvian baltas / balts, found in the name of the Baltic ; in Slavic languages byelo or beloye also means ' white ', as in Беларусь ( White Russia or Belarus ) or Бе ́ лое мо ́ ре Sea ).

Bambara is a language / dialect of the Manding language cluster, a cluster of languages whose ethnic-speakers generally trace their cultural history to the ancient city of Manding, where modern-day Kita, Mali now exists.

The U. S. Playing Card Company now owns the eponymous Hoyle brand, and publishes a series of rulebooks for various families of card games that have largely standardized the games ' rules in countries and languages where the rulebooks are widely distributed.

Some programming languages almost always use curried functions to achieve multiple arguments ; notable examples are ML and Haskell, where in both cases all functions have exactly one argument.

Four of the characters in " Think Blue, Count Two " are called " Thirteen " in different languages: Tiga-belas ( both in Indonesian and Malay ), Trece ( Spanish ), Talatashar ( based on an Arabic dialect form < big > ثلاث عشر </ big >, thalāth ʿashar ) and Sh ' san ( based on Mandarin 十三, shísān, where the " í " is never pronounced ).

CDMA is analogous to the last example where people speaking the same language can understand each other, but other languages are perceived as noise and rejected.

In the southeast, in eastern South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, and southern Mozambique, they were adopted from a Tuu language or languages by the languages of the Nguni cluster ( especially Zulu, Xhosa, and Phuthi, but also to a lesser extent Swazi and Ndebele ), and spread from them in a reduced fashion to the Zulu-based pidgin Fanagalo, Sesotho, Tsonga, Ronga, the Mzimba dialect of Tumbuka, and more recently to Ndau and urban varieties of Pedi, where the spread of clicks is an ongoing process.

The second point of transfer was near the Caprivi Strip and the Okavango River, where it was apparently the Yeyi language which borrowed the clicks from a West Kalihari Khoe language, and which in turn passed on a reduced click inventory to the neighboring Mbukushu, Kwangali, Gciriku, Kuhane, and Fwe languages in Angola, Namibia, Botswana, and Zambia.

Derrida then sees these differences, as elemental oppositions ( 0-1 ), working in all " languages ", all " systems of distinct signs ", all " codes ", where terms don't have an " absolute " meaning, but can only get it from reciprocal determination with the other terms ( 1-0 ).

Decipherment is the analysis of documents written in ancient languages, where the language is unknown, or knowledge of the language has been lost.

He studied Germanic linguistics at Columbia, where he came under the influence of Franz Boas who inspired him to work on Native American languages.

Theorem: If K < sub > 1 </ sub > and K < sub > 2 </ sub > are the complexity functions relative to description languages L < sub > 1 </ sub > and L < sub > 2 </ sub >, then there is a constant c – which depends only on the languages L < sub > 1 </ sub > and L < sub > 2 </ sub > chosen – such that

*,, and functions for converting between string and numeric types ( both languages did have the function )

In languages with tagged unions such as ML, a tree node is often a tagged union of two types of nodes, one of which is a 3-tuple of data, left child, and right child, and the other of which is a " leaf " node, which contains no data and functions much like the null value in a language with pointers.

The practical motivation for partial application is that very often the functions obtained by supplying some but not all of the arguments to a function are useful ; for example, many languages have a function or operator similar to.

In some languages, the dative case has assimilated the functions of other now-extinct cases.

Many classes have methods that call their own functions, thereby looking and feeling like most other OO languages.

While most compilers for imperative programming languages detect pure functions, and perform common-subexpression elimination for pure function calls, they cannot always do this for pre-compiled libraries, which generally do not expose this information, thus preventing optimizations that involve those external functions.

Such higher order functions play a role analogous to built-in control structures such as loops in imperative languages.

As a consequence, these languages fail to be Turing complete and expressing certain functions in them is impossible, but they can still express a wide class of interesting computations while avoiding the problems introduced by unrestricted recursion.

This is a contract in many programming languages that allow the user to override equality and hash functions for an object: if two objects are equal, their hash codes must be the same.

The KSR-1 and-2 supported Micro Focus COBOL and C / C ++ programming languages, and the Oracle PRDBMS and the MATISSE OODBMS from ADB, Inc. Their own product, the KSR Query Decomposer, complemented the functions of the Oracle product for SQL uses.

* In programming languages such as Lisp and Python, lambda is an operator used to denote anonymous functions or closures, following the usage of lambda calculus.

In formal languages, truth functions are represented by unambiguous symbols.

Some programming languages delay evaluation of expressions by default, and some others provide functions or special syntax to delay evaluation.

As most programming languages are Turing-complete, it is possible to introduce user-defined lazy control structures in eager languages as functions, though they may depart from the language's syntax for eager evaluation: Often the involved code bodies ( like ( i ) and ( j )) need to be wrapped in a function value, so that they are executed only when called.

Developed by MathWorks, MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C, C ++, Java, and Fortran.

Pascal, like many programming languages of today ( but unlike most languages in the C family ), allows nested procedure definitions to any level of depth, and also allows most kinds of definitions and declarations inside procedures and functions.

When pure Python code is not fast enough, time-critical functions can be rewritten in " closer to the metal " languages such as C, or by translating ( a dialect of ) Python code to C code using tools like Cython.

Most operators ( what other languages term functions ) take their arguments from the stack, and place their results onto the stack.