The great majority of present-day linguists fall into one or more of a number of overlapping types: those who are convinced that tone cannot be analysed, those who are personally scared of tone and tone languages generally, those who are convinced that tone is merely an unnecessary marginal feature in those languages where it occurs, those who have no idea how to proceed with tone analysis, those who take a simplistic view of the whole matter.

Austro-Asiatic languages have a disjunct distribution across India, Bangladesh and Southeast Asia, separated by regions where other languages are spoken.

The term Afroasiatic Urheimat ( Urheimat meaning " original homeland " in German ) refers to the ' hypothetical ' place where Proto-Afroasiatic speakers lived in a single linguistic community, or complex of communities, before this original language dispersed geographically and divided into distinct languages.

The Greek alphabet, in its Euboean form, was carried over by Greek colonists to the Italian peninsula, where it gave rise to a variety of alphabets used to write the Italic languages.

At the other extreme are languages such as English, where the spelling of many words simply has to be memorized as they do not correspond to sounds in a consistent way.

The diverse ethnic communities – the Ovimbundu, Ambundu, Bakongo, Chokwe, and other peoples – maintain to varying degrees their own cultural traits, traditions and languages, but in the cities, where slightly more than half of the population now lives, a mixed culture has been emerging since colonial times – in Luanda since its foundation in the 16th century.

* Observing evidence for contact between languages, which may indicate approximately when and where they were adjacent to each other.

Similarly, languages often avoid configurations where a semivowel precedes its corresponding vowel.

In regions such as Latin America where these languages are spoken, negro ( pronounced slightly differently than Negro in English ), is a normal word used without disparaging intent in relation to black people.

As in so many programming languages, the operation ( V, x ) is often written V ← x ( or some similar notation ), and ( V ) is implied whenever a variable V is used in a context where a value is required.

After the Partitions of Poland, most of the Baltic lands were under the rule of the Russian Empire, where the native languages were sometimes prohibited from being written down, or used publicly.

Since the early 20th century it has been commonly accepted that Old Irish Bel ( l ) taine is derived from a Common Celtic * belo-te ( p ) niâ, meaning " bright fire " ( where the element * belo-might be cognate with the English word bale in ' bale-fire ' meaning ' white ' or ' shining '; compare Anglo-Saxon bael, and Lithuanian / Latvian baltas / balts, found in the name of the Baltic ; in Slavic languages byelo or beloye also means ' white ', as in Беларусь ( White Russia or Belarus ) or Бе ́ лое мо ́ ре Sea ).

Bambara is a language / dialect of the Manding language cluster, a cluster of languages whose ethnic-speakers generally trace their cultural history to the ancient city of Manding, where modern-day Kita, Mali now exists.

The U. S. Playing Card Company now owns the eponymous Hoyle brand, and publishes a series of rulebooks for various families of card games that have largely standardized the games ' rules in countries and languages where the rulebooks are widely distributed.

Some programming languages almost always use curried functions to achieve multiple arguments ; notable examples are ML and Haskell, where in both cases all functions have exactly one argument.

Four of the characters in " Think Blue, Count Two " are called " Thirteen " in different languages: Tiga-belas ( both in Indonesian and Malay ), Trece ( Spanish ), Talatashar ( based on an Arabic dialect form < big > ثلاث عشر </ big >, thalāth ʿashar ) and Sh ' san ( based on Mandarin 十三, shísān, where the " í " is never pronounced ).

CDMA is analogous to the last example where people speaking the same language can understand each other, but other languages are perceived as noise and rejected.

In the southeast, in eastern South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, and southern Mozambique, they were adopted from a Tuu language or languages by the languages of the Nguni cluster ( especially Zulu, Xhosa, and Phuthi, but also to a lesser extent Swazi and Ndebele ), and spread from them in a reduced fashion to the Zulu-based pidgin Fanagalo, Sesotho, Tsonga, Ronga, the Mzimba dialect of Tumbuka, and more recently to Ndau and urban varieties of Pedi, where the spread of clicks is an ongoing process.

The second point of transfer was near the Caprivi Strip and the Okavango River, where it was apparently the Yeyi language which borrowed the clicks from a West Kalihari Khoe language, and which in turn passed on a reduced click inventory to the neighboring Mbukushu, Kwangali, Gciriku, Kuhane, and Fwe languages in Angola, Namibia, Botswana, and Zambia.

Derrida then sees these differences, as elemental oppositions ( 0-1 ), working in all " languages ", all " systems of distinct signs ", all " codes ", where terms don't have an " absolute " meaning, but can only get it from reciprocal determination with the other terms ( 1-0 ).

Decipherment is the analysis of documents written in ancient languages, where the language is unknown, or knowledge of the language has been lost.

He studied Germanic linguistics at Columbia, where he came under the influence of Franz Boas who inspired him to work on Native American languages.

In many languages, such as the Latin, Celtic and Slavic languages, a verb may be inflected for both tense and aspect together, as in the passé composé / passé simple ( historique ) and imparfait of French.

* In an inflected language such as English or Spanish, the radical verbs ( also called ' radical-changing ') are exceptions to the standard patterns of word change ( e. g., to be is in most Indo European languages ).

In many languages, verbs are inflected ( modified in form ) to encode tense, aspect, mood and voice.

In languages where the verb is inflected, it often agrees with its primary argument ( the subject ) in person, number and / or gender.

In many languages other than English, such valency changes are not possible ; the verb must instead be inflected in order to change the valency.

In many inflected languages, such as Russian, Latin, and Greek, departures from the default word-orders are permissible but usually imply a shift in focus, an emphasis on the final element, or some special context.

Additionally, many characters which might need to be balanced in other languages ( such as or < code ><></ code >) are treated by J as stand-alone words or, when inflected, as single-character roots of multi-character words.

This kind of unnatural or rhetorical separation is possible to a much greater degree in highly inflected languages, where sentence meaning does not depend closely on word order.

In many inflected languages, such as Greek and Russian, some nouns and adjectives of foreign origin are left uninflected in contexts where native words would be inflected ; for instance, the name Abraam in Greek ( from Hebrew ), the Modern Greek word μπλε ble ( from French bleu ), the Italian word computer, and the Russian words ( kangaroo ) and ( coat, from French paletot ).

The grammar of Latin, like that of other ancient Indo-European languages, is highly inflected ; consequently, it allows for a large degree of flexibility in choosing word order.

Certain nouns in some languages have the unmarked form referring to multiple items, with an inflected form referring to a single item.

In some inflected languages, the articles may take on the case of the declension of the following noun.

Other languages such as Latin, French and German have several inflected imperative forms, which can vary according to grammatical categories such as:

In inflected languages, objects may be marked using morphological case.

In part due to the possibilities inherent in the Classical Chinese language and in part as an esthetic principle, many Classical Chinese poems are imprecise when it comes to gender, number, case, or other logically-informative elements of speech which tend to be grammatically obligatory or difficult to avoid in various inflected languages, such as certain Indo-European languages.

However, in highly inflected languages, a tradename may have to carry case endings in usage, for example in Finnish "< u > Microsoft </ u > in " ( genitive case ) and "< u > Facebook </ u > ista " ( elative case ).

Parsing is also an earlier term for the diagramming of sentences of natural languages, and is still used for the diagramming of inflected languages, such as the Romance languages or Latin.

Of all the Romance languages, in some respects, Romanian is the most conservative language, having retained, for example, the inflected structure of Latin grammar.

Naturally this includes all communication forms, e.g. languages, or any social, political, economic or religious structures employed for such control.

If adjectival meanings show relatively low retentiveness of stems, as I am confident will prove to be the case in most languages of the world, why should our basic lists include 15 per cent of these unstable forms, but only 8 per cent of animals and plants which replace much more slowly??

The practical operational problem of lexicostatistics is the establishment of a basic list of items of meaning against which the particular forms or terms of languages can be matched as the medium of comparison.

Many languages use modified forms of the Latin alphabet, with additional letters formed using diacritical marks.

This is because words in Semitic languages are formed from a root consisting of ( usually ) three consonants, the vowels being used to indicate inflectional or derived forms.

Yet another explanation is that, while derived from the afore mentioned root, the name of the sea is related to naming for various forms of water and related substances in several European languages, that might have been originally associated with colors found in swamps.

The Germanics, however, preferred some form of " East Sea " ( in different languages ) until after about 1600, when they began to use forms of " Baltic Sea.

In order to translate one language into another, it was observed that one had to understand the grammar of both languages, including both morphology ( the grammar of word forms ) and syntax ( the grammar of sentence structure ).

In the Romance languages, the articles and direct and indirect object personal pronoun forms are clitics.

It also exists in similar forms in several non-Indo-European languages, such as the Uralic family of languages, Altaic family of languages and Japanese ( sometimes considered as Altaic ).

In Ge ' ez and the modern Ethiosemitic languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea, two forms exist: ፋሲካ (" Fasika ", fāsīkā ) from Greek Pascha, and ትንሣኤ (" Tensae ", tinśā ' ē ), the latter from the Semitic root N-Ś -', meaning " to rise " ( cf.

A notable subgenre of fictional languages are alien languages, the ones that are used or might be used by putative extraterrestrial life forms.

Although it is a mathematical abstraction rather than a programming language, it forms the basis of almost all functional programming languages today.

He did not need to prove the common parentage of Sanskrit with Persian, Greek, Latin and German, for previous scholars had long established that ; but he aimed to trace the common origin of those languages ' grammatical forms, of their inflections from composition – a task which no predecessor had attempted.

By a historical analysis of those forms, as applied to the verb, he furnished the first trustworthy materials for a history of the languages compared.

The further charge that Bopp, in his Comparative Grammar, gave undue prominence to Sanskrit stands disproved by his own words ; for, as early as the year 1820, he gave it as his opinion that frequently the cognate languages serve to elucidate grammatical forms lost in Sanskrit ( Annals of Or.

Historic forms of graffiti have helped gain understanding into the lifestyles and languages of past cultures.

These early forms of graffiti have contributed to the understanding of lifestyles and languages of past cultures.

The name takes various forms in modern languages.

The only minority language with a significant number of speakers ( 5. 4 %) was Polish ( a figure that rises to over 6 % when including Kashubian, Masurian, and other forms classified by the Imperial government as separate languages but today more often considered variants of Polish ).

Historically, the Indo-European languages had eight morphological cases, though modern languages typically have fewer, using prepositions and word order to convey information that had previously been conveyed using distinct noun forms.