* It is likely that vasopressin acts in conjunction with corticotropin-releasing hormone to modulate the release of corticosteroids from the adrenal gland in response to stress, particularly during pregnancy and lactation in mammals.

Adrenodoxin ( adrenal ferredoxin ) is expressed in mammals including humans.

In mammals, the PPP occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm, and is found to be most active in the liver, mammary gland and adrenal cortex in the human.

Aside from the mammary glands that produce a specialized sweat called milk, most mammals just have apocrine sweat glands on their armpits and loin.

Milk is a white liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals.

In higher animals, ova are produced by female gonads ( sexual glands ) called ovaries and all of them are present at birth in mammals and mature via oogenesis.

Euchambersia a genus of Therocephalia ( animals close to the evolution of mammals ) is known to have had venom glands attached to its canine teeth, used to help subdue and kill its prey.

Like all mammals, whales breathe air, are warm-blooded, nurse their young with milk from mammary glands, and have body hair.

Although they may be found throughout the body, CMV infections are frequently associated with the salivary glands in humans and other mammals.

Perspiration ( sweating, transpiration, or diaphoresis ) is the production of a fluid consisting primarily of water as well as various dissolved solids ( chiefly chlorides ), that is excreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals.

A hallmark of mammals is the presence of copious glands and hair follicles.

The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands, glands with ducts, that produce saliva.

Asterisk ( ruminant ) represents the omasum, which is absent in Tylopoda ( Tylopoda also has some cardiac glands opening onto ventral Reticulum ( anatomy ) | reticulum and rumen ) Many other variations exist among the mammals.

The mammary glands of other mammals that have more than two breasts, such as dogs and cats, are sometimes called dugs.

The constantly protruding breasts of the adult human female, unusually large relative to body size, are a unique evolutionary development whose purpose is not yet fully known ( see breasts ); other mammals tend to have less conspicuous mammary glands that protrude only while actually filling with milk.

The number and positioning of complex and simple mammary glands varies widely in different mammals.

In general most mammals develop mammary glands in pairs along these lines, with a number approximating the number of young typically birthed at a time.

The seminal vesicles ( glandulae vesiculosae ) or vesicular glands are a pair of simple tubular glands posteroinferior to the urinary bladder of male mammals.

Birds also avoid overheating by gular fluttering, flapping the wings near the gular ( throat ) skin, similar to panting in mammals, since their thin skin has no sweat glands.

The sebaceous glands are microscopic glands in the skin that secrete an oily / waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair of mammals.

They are also known to feed on other insects, larvae, and eggs, and occasionally small mammals and birds.

Monotreme mammals also have a cloaca, which is thought to be a feature inherited from the earliest amniotes via the therapsids.

Animal species diversity was also significantly impacted: in one study, a Harvard biologist found 24 species of birds and 5 species of mammals in a sprayed forest, while in two adjacent sections of unsprayed forest there were 145 and 170 species of birds and 30 and 55 species of mammals.

The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain, which is greatly enlarged and also altered in structure.

Several areas at the edge of the neocortex, including the hippocampus and amygdala, are also much more extensively developed in mammals than in other vertebrates.

The Cenozoic is also known as the Age of Mammals, because the extinction of many groups allowed mammals to greatly diversify.

Mammals came to occupy almost every available niche ( both marine and terrestrial ), and some also grew very large, attaining sizes not seen in most of today's mammals.

Grass also played a very important role in this era, shaping the evolution of the birds and mammals that fed on it.

Other carnivorous animals, and some mammals such as apes, rabbits, and spider monkeys, also have a well-developed clitoris.

Chipmunks play an important role as prey for various predatory mammals and birds, but are also opportunistic predators themselves, particularly with regard to bird eggs and nestlings.

Growth factors, such as fibroblast growth factors in the animal embryo and growth hormone in juvenile mammals, also control the extent of growth.

He also found that learning is done a little at a time or in increments, learning is an automatic process and all the principles of learning apply to all mammals.

There were also other superficially cat-like mammals, such as the marsupial sabertooth Thylacosmilus or the Nimravidae, which are not included in Felidae despite superficial similarities.

Cat's Cradle: Time's Crucible also mentions edible rodent-like mammals called tafelshrews.

The term is usually applied to humans, but it is also observed in all mammals.

Most mammals have light skin that is covered by fur, and biologists believe that early human ancestors started out this way also.

Wild hamsters will also appropriate tunnels made by other mammals ; the Djungarian hamster, for instance, uses paths and burrows of the pika.

In support of this hypothesis, genomic imprinting has been found in all placental mammals, where post-fertilisation offspring resource consumption at the expense of the mother is high ; although it has also been found in oviparous birds where there is relatively little post-fertilisation resource transfer and therefore less parental conflict.

However, because of the large, scarred and nicked dorsal fins resembling those of mammal-hunting transients, they may also eat mammals and sharks.

Killer whales have also been observed preying on terrestrial mammals, such as deer and moose swimming between islands off the northwest coast of North America.

Common Kestrels eat almost exclusively mouse-sized mammals: typically voles, but also shrews and true mice supply up to three-quarters or more of the biomass most individuals ingest.

Excessive lead also causes blood disorders in mammals.

The first mammals also appeared during the Mesozoic, but would remain small and modest until the Cenozoic.