About the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the popes, then residing at Avignon in France, began to reserve the collation of a great many benefices, so that all the benefices, especially the greater ones, were to be conferred through the Roman Curia ( Lega, Praelectiones Jur.

Alphabetical order is the basis for many systems of collation where items of information are identified by strings consisting principally of letters from an alphabet.

* Typographical collation for many languages, as proposed in the List module of Cascading Style Sheets.

In some written languages, it is not obvious what is meant by the " first letter ": for example, the South-Slavic digraph ' lj ' is considered as a single character for collation purposes ( a situation which occurs in many other languages ) and can be represented by a single Unicode character, but at the start of a word it is written ' Lj ': only the L is capitalised.

Because business performance management activities in large organizations often involve the collation and reporting of large volumes of data, many software vendors, particularly those offering business intelligence tools, market products intended to assist in this process.

MOBIDIC replaced many manual steps ; it performed the collation lookup, sorting the data, and collecting all the printed messages for delivery.

In Jewish tradition the collation served on Friday night in many synagogues, following Erev Shabbat ( Sabbath eve ) services, is referred to as the Oneg Shabbat, the Biblical Hebrew expression, " the delight of the Sabbath ," from Isaiah 58: 13, in the section of the Prophets, " Call the Sabbath a delight.

Pseudocode, flowcharts and control tables are structured ways to express algorithms that avoid many of the ambiguities common in natural language statements.

When analyzing the efficiency of algorithms that use stacks, one may also specify that all operations take the same time no matter how many items have been pushed into the stack, and that the stack uses a constant amount of storage for each element.

If a polynomial time algorithm calls as a subroutine polynomially many polynomial time algorithms, the resulting algorithm is still polynomial time.

The process of writing source code often requires expertise in many different subjects, including knowledge of the application domain, specialized algorithms and formal logic.

128 bits is currently thought, by many observers, to be sufficient for the foreseeable future for symmetric algorithms of AES's quality.

There are many distinct FFT algorithms involving a wide range of mathematics, from simple complex-number arithmetic to group theory and number theory ; this article gives an overview of the available techniques and some of their general properties, while the specific algorithms are described in subsidiary articles linked below.

This huge improvement made many DFT-based algorithms practical ; FFTs are of great importance to a wide variety of applications, from digital signal processing and solving partial differential equations to algorithms for quick multiplication of large integers.

( In the presence of round-off error, many FFT algorithms are also much more accurate than evaluating the DFT definition directly, as discussed below.

Unfortunately, these algorithms require too many additions to be practical, at least on modern computers with hardware multipliers.

This schema is also used in many text checksum and fingerprint algorithms.

* Factorization Source Code: by Paul Herman & Ami Fischman, C ++ source code for many factorization algorithms including Pollard Rho & Shor's.

There are many different approaches to generating mazes, where various maze generation algorithms exist for building them, either by hand or automatically by computer.

Thus many maze solving algorithms are closely related to graph theory.

Use has declined due to large random access memories, and many applications of merge algorithms have faster alternatives when a random-access memory is available.

In addition, there are many algorithms for feature selection that seek to identify the relevant features and discard the irrelevant ones.

If the feature vectors include features of many different kinds ( discrete, discrete ordered, counts, continuous values ), some algorithms are easier to apply than others.

Although and can be any space of functions, many learning algorithms are probabilistic models where takes the form of a conditional probability model, or takes the form of a joint probability model.

The complexity class P is contained in NP, but NP contains many important problems, the hardest of which are called NP-complete problems, for which no polynomial-time algorithms are known for solving them ( although they can be verified in polynomial time ).

Systems based on machine-learning algorithms have many advantages over hand-produced rules:

For this reason, many online gambling sites provide descriptions of their shuffling algorithms and the sources of randomness used to drive these algorithms, with some gambling sites also providing auditors ' reports of the performance of their systems.

It is an approach used by many cryptographic algorithms and cryptosystems.

It is evident that many marked and striking differences exist between lungs when an inter-species comparison is made.

Of many passages in the book that exemplify the author's vivid style, the characterizations of the two plebeian dictators whose crimes make those of crowned autocrats pale by comparison may be selected.

Steiner strongly objected and considered any comparison between Krishnamurti and Christ to be nonsense ; many years later, Krishnamurti also repudiated the assertion.

While removing the global clock signal makes the design process considerably more complex in many ways, asynchronous ( or clockless ) designs carry marked advantages in power consumption and heat dissipation in comparison with similar synchronous designs.

" 9: 24 After making a comparison with events in the history of Israel, many scholars have concluded that each day in the seventy weeks represents a year.

The possibility of a digital planned economy was explored by Chile with the creation of Project Cybersyn, the project was a success in many ways but due to the lack of computer technology and need for constant human input was limited in comparison to modern and more advanced technology.

Bicycling infrastructure is a dominant feature of both city and countryside infrastructure with bicycle paths and bicycle ways in many places and an extensive network of bicycle routes extending more than nationwide ( in comparison Denmark's coastline is ).

For example, there is a tradition in many newsgroups and other Internet discussion forums that once such a comparison is made, the thread is finished and whoever mentioned the Nazis has automatically lost whatever debate was in progress.

* When added to boiling water and cooled, unflavored gelatin can make a home-made hair styling gel that is cheaper than many commercial hair styling products, but by comparison has a shorter shelf life ( about a week ) when stored in this form ( usually in a refrigerator ).

Support for the Internet standard protocols allows many e-mail clients such as Pegasus Mail or Mozilla Thunderbird ( see comparison of e-mail clients ) to access these servers, and allows the clients to be used with other servers ( see list of mail servers ).

Grimm's results have been greatly modified by the wider range of comparison and improved methods of investigation that now characterize linguistics, and many questions he raised will probably remain obscure, but his book's influence has been profound.

In many computers, one can reduce the work of the first comparison by scanning the items in reverse order.

Although Illich-Svitych adopted many of Trombetti ’ s etymologies, he sought to validate them by a systematic comparison of the sound systems of the languages concerned.

This text is a version of the Irish Longes mac n-Uislenn and offers a tale which bears some comparison to Macpherson's " Darthula ", although it is radically different in many respects.

Greater Romania is still seen by many as a " paradise lost ", often by comparison with the " stunted " Communist Romania.

In many large applications needing speed, the computer radix sort is an improvement on ( slower ) comparison sorts.

Examples include the possession of antlers by only male deer, and the brighter coloration of many male birds, in comparison with females of the same species.

Geordi's response made the comparison of child hearing many different sounds at once and eventually being able to pick out what they needed ; it is a learned talent.

Though Surrealism was a direct influence on Magic Realism in its early stages, many Magic Realist writers and critics, such as Amaryll Chanady and S. P. Ganguly, while acknowledging the similarities, cite the many differences obscured by the direct comparison of Magic Realism and Surrealism such as an interest in psychology and the artefacts of European culture they claim is not present in Magic Realism.

On the track, their cars were regarded by many as well-designed for their tiny budget ( in comparison to front-runners such as Ferrari and McLaren ), their low position recognised as a result of a lack of funds ( and engine power ) rather than a poor car.

Much of the genetic work done on hemichordates has been done to make comparison with chordates, so it is obvious that many of the genetic markers identified in this group are also found in chordates or are homologous to chordates in some way.

By 1994, arcade games in the United States were generating revenues of $ 7 billion in quarters ( equivalent to $ 11 billion in 2011 ), in comparison to home console game sales of $ 6 billion, with many of the best-selling home video games in the early 1990s often being arcade ports.

Despite Andropov's hard-line stance in Hungary and the numerous banishments and intrigues for which he was responsible during his long tenure as head of the KGB, he has become widely regarded by many commentators as a reformer, especially in comparison with the stagnation and corruption during the later years of his predecessor, Leonid Brezhnev.