In the Dirac notation, ( projective ) measurements are described via eigenvalues and eigenstates, both purely formal objects.

Though a speaker is not purely resistive, these equations are often used to approximate power measurements for such a system.

With the exception of the study by van Schijndel et al., which was purely theoretical, the measurements carried out for the other studies were used to provide design charts enabling engineers to estimate the quantity of air transferred by a door in function of the revolution rate and temperature contrast.

Achievers focus on concrete measurements of success such as experience points, levels, and wealth ; Explorers investigate every nook and cranny of the game, and evaluate different game mechanical options ; Socializers devote most of their energy to interacting with other players ; and then there are Killers who focus on interacting negatively with other players, if permitted, killing the other characters or otherwise thwarting their play.

Some also had mechanical averagers to make hundreds of measurements per sight for compensation of random accelerations in the artificial horizon's fluid.

More rigorously, an interpretation of quantum mechanics satisfies CFD if it includes in the statistical population of measurement results, those measurements which are counterfactual by virtue of their being excluded by the quantum mechanical prohibition on simultaneous measurement of certain pairs of properties.

CFD is present in any interpretation of quantum mechanics that regards quantum mechanical measurements to be objective descriptions of a system's state independent of the measuring process, but also if regarded as an objective description of the system and the measurement apparatus.

Currently most measurements are done by a variety of mechanical and electronic sensors directly linked to computers — which further reduces the chance of human error / contamination of information.

This helped reduce the incidence of spiral fractures, but the lack of standardization in measurements and the always-changing mechanical interface with leather boots make these less than foolproof.

Some galvanometers used a solid pointer on a scale to show measurements, other very sensitive types used a tiny mirror and a beam of light to provide mechanical amplification of tiny signals.

Lunokhod 1 was equipped with a cone-shaped antenna, a highly directional helical antenna, four television cameras, and special extendable devices to impact the lunar soil for density measurements and mechanical property tests.

Many mechanical tests of the surface, laser ranging measurements, and other experiments were completed during this time.

Many mechanical tests of the surface, laser ranging measurements, and other experiments were completed during this time.

However, the high precision of the bematists's measurements rather indicates the use of a mechanical device.

Further experiments and measurements by Joule led him to estimate the mechanical equivalent of heat as 838 ft · lbf of work to raise the temperature of a pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.

We can construct a classical continuous random field that has the same probability density as the quantum vacuum state, so that the principal difference from quantum field theory is the measurement theory ( measurement in quantum theory is different from measurement for a classical continuous random field, in that classical measurements are always mutually compatible — in quantum mechanical terms they always commute ).

For example, adjustments may be moved into software, and measurements away from a mechanical solution to an electronic solution.

Humidity measurement instruments usually rely on measurements of some other quantity such as temperature, pressure, mass or a mechanical or electrical change in a substance as moisture is absorbed.

The use of computers ( IBM 650, 1620, and 7040 ) allowed analysis of a large sample size, and of more measurements and subgroups than had been previously practical with mechanical calculators, thus allowing an objective understanding of how human locomotion varies by age and body characteristics.

The vehicle in flight test measured aeroballistics, which confirmed values of aerodynamic characteristics such as stability and performance ; propulsion, which ensured the engines could provide enough thrust to propel the vehicle at the correct velocity and trajectory, as well as provide data on on the performance of all eight engines during flight ; structural and mechanical, which provided measurements of the vehicle's stress and vibration levels through all phases of flight ; and guidance and control, which demonstrated that spacecraft systems could accurately provide orientation and velocity information.

The original cone penetrometers involved simple mechanical measurements of the total penetration resistance to pushing a tool with a conical tip into the soil.

Earlier measurements had used mechanical means of modulation achieving frequencies of around 10 kHz, but the Kerr cell allow frequencies of 10 MHz and greater precision of measurement.

* The 1846 introduction by surgeon John Hutchinson ( 1811 – 1861 ) of the spirometer, an apparatus for assessing the mechanical properties of the lungs via measurements of forced exhalation and forced inhalation.

Le Corbusier described it as a " range of harmonious measurements to suit the human scale, universally applicable to architecture and to mechanical things.

In physics, the quantum mechanical Bell test prediction is the prediction that quantum mechanics would give for the correlation probabilities for a set of measurements performed on a quantum entangled state.

In addition, the logging measurements are used to determine mechanical properties of the formations.

* Camera tracking, that uses either optical or mechanical measurements to create a live stream of data describing the exact perspective of the camera.

By the late 19th century, improved instruments were designed which could be mounted in any position and allowed accurate measurements in electric power systems.

Complete empirical measurements are generally restricted to a specific habitat, such as a cave or a pond, and principles gleaned from food web microcosm studies are extrapolated to larger systems.

Relativistic precession has been observed for all planets that allow for accurate precession measurements ( Mercury, Venus and the Earth ), as well as in binary pulsar systems, where it is larger by five orders of magnitude.

Galileo is intended to provide horizontal and vertical positions measurements within 1 meter precision, and better positioning services at high latitudes than other positioning systems.

Signal processing is an area of systems engineering, electrical engineering and applied mathematics that deals with operations on or analysis of signals, or measurements of time-varying or spatially varying physical quantities.

Historically, the uncertainty principle has been confused with a somewhat similar effect in physics, called the observer effect, which notes that measurements of certain systems cannot be made without affecting the systems.

He soon discovered many more binary and multiple stars than expected, and compiled them with careful measurements of their relative positions in two catalogues presented to the Royal Society in London in 1782 ( 269 double or multiple systems ) and 1784 ( 434 systems ).

This includes detector design, fabrication and analysis, measurements of fundamental atomic and nuclear parameters, and radiation imaging systems, among other things.

Gibbs was well aware that the application of the equipartition theorem to large systems of classical particles failed to explain the measurements of the specific heats of both solids and gases, and he argued that this was evidence of the danger of basing thermodynamics on " hypotheses about the constitution of matter.

A video signal generator is a device which outputs predetermined video and / or television waveforms, and other signals used to stimulate faults in, or aid in parametric measurements of, television and video systems.

Conventional usage of the terms data processing and information systems restricts their use to refer to the algorithmic derivations, logical deductions, and statistical calculations that recur perennially in general business environments, rather than in the more expansive sense of all conversions of real-world measurements into real-world information in, say, an organic biological system or even a scientific or engineering system.

Likewise, the mind-independent properties of quantum systems could consist of a tendency to respond to particular measurements with particular values with ascertainable probability.

In the first several decades of the 20th century, other inventors attempted ( unsuccessfully ) to use gyroscopes as the basis for early black box navigational systems by creating a stable platform from which accurate acceleration measurements could be performed ( in order to bypass the need for star sightings to calculate position ).

Numerous measurements of air pressure are used within surface weather analysis to help find surface troughs, high pressure systems, and frontal boundaries.

Or at least they are not more hidden than the wave function, in the sense that both can only be experimentally determined through a large number of measurements on an ensemble of equally prepared systems.

Modern top-of-the-line total stations no longer require a reflector or prism ( used to return the light pulses used for distancing ) to return distance measurements, are fully robotic, and can even e-mail point data to the office computer and connect to satellite positioning systems, such as a Global Positioning System.

There is much debate within Judaism, as well as by outside scholars, about the exact relationship between measurements in the system and those in other measurement systems, such as the International Standard Units system used in almost all parts of world except the USA, and in modern scientific writing.

Because modern systems use monochromatic X-ray sources, XPS measurements leave the surface free of any degradation with few exceptions.

As yacht racing became more prevalent, and yacht design more diverse, it was necessary to establish systems of measurements and time allowances due to the differences in boat design.

MCD measurements can detect transitions which are too weak to be seen in conventional optical absorption spectra ; they can also probe paramagnetic properties and the symmetry of the electronic levels of the studied systems, such as metal ion sites.

Mass measurements are almost always made at low temperatures with systems in ground states, and this difference between the mass of a system and the sum of the masses of its isolated parts is called a mass deficit.

Thornwood is the home to the North American headquarters for the Carl Zeiss Corporation, a multinational German manufacturer of optical systems, industrial measurements and medical devices.