In philosophy, the term critical theory describes the neo-Marxist philosophy of the Frankfurt School, developed in Europe in the 1930s, that engaged the works of intellectuals such as Friedrich Nietzsche and Sigmund Freud.

Heavily influenced by Gramsci, Nicos Poulantzas, a Greek neo-Marxist theorist argued that capitalist states do not always act on behalf of the ruling class, and when they do, it is not necessarily the case because state officials consciously strive to do so, but because the ' structural ' position of the state is configured in such a way to ensure that the long-term interests of capital are always dominant.

Ultimately, applying political ecology to policy decisions – especially in the US and Western Europe – will remain problematic as long as there is a resistance to Marxist and neo-Marxist theory.

The Frankfurt School () refers to a school of neo-Marxist interdisciplinary social theory, associated in part with the Institute for Social Research at the University of Frankfurt am Main.

In the twentieth century a variety of neo-Marxist theories have been developed that have opened themselves to adding questions of race, gender, environment, and other issues to an analysis centered in ( shifting ) political economic conditions.

His analysis of capital flight and the rise of mammoth cartels later influenced Lenin in his Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism ( 1916 ) which has become a basis for the modern neo-Marxist analysis of imperialism.

In 20th century neo-Marxist accounts, such as those of the Frankfurt School, mass society was linked to a society of alienated individuals held together by a culture industry that served the interests of capitalism.

From the neo-Marxist World Systems perspective, Russia differed from the West as a result of its late integration into the capitalist world economy in the 19th century.

The Regulation approach ( also called the neo-Marxist or French Regulation School ), was designed to address the paradox of how capitalism has both a tendency towards crisis, change and instability as well as an ability to stabilize institutions, rules and norms.

In 1975, the highly influential work of Allan Schnaiberg transfigured environmental sociology, proposing a societal-environmental dialectic, though within the ' neo-Marxist ' framework of the relative autonomy of the state as well.

This ongoing trend in Marxism of ' neo-Marxist ' analysis ( meaning, including the relative autonomy of the state ) here added the environmental conditions of abstract additions and withdrawals from the environment as social policies instead of naturalized contexts.

Furthermore it could be surmised that the term Hamburger Schule is a pun on the so called Frankfurt School ( Frankfurter Schule ) which is a school of neo-Marxist social theory, social research, and philosophy, centered at the Institute for Social Research ( Institut für Sozialforschung ) of the University of Frankfurt am Main in Germany.

Some neo-Marxist historians have similarly looked at culture as always encoded in a language that changes with the material conditions.

" The show will feature his incarcerated father, Mutulu Shakur, a proponent of the Republic of New Afrika in the 1960s and ' 70s and member of the neo-Marxist / black nationalist group Black Liberation Army.

Three of these theories, as cited by Henry Giroux and Anthony Penna, are a structural-functional view of schooling, a phenomenological view related to the “ new ” sociology of education, and a radical critical view corresponding to the neo-Marxist analysis of the theory and practice of education.

The most prominent early user of the term left-fascism was Jürgen Habermas, a sociologist and philosopher influenced by the neo-Marxist Frankfurt School.

His analysis of capital flight and the rise of mammoth cartels later influenced Vladimir Lenin in his book Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism, which has become a basis for the neo-Marxist analysis of imperialism.

World-systems theory was also significantly influenced by dependency theory-a neo-Marxist explanation of development processes.

Post-processualism provided an umbrella for all those who decried the processual model of culture, which many feminist and neo-Marxist archaeologists for example believed treated people as mindless automatons and ignored their individuality.

He was one of the founders of the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt am Main, and a member of the Frankfurt School of neo-Marxist theory.

Erik Olin Wright's theory of contradictory class locations, which incorporates Weberian sociology, critical criminology, and anarchism, is an example of the syncretism in neo-Marxist theory.

As with many uses of the prefix neo -, many theorists and groups designated as neo-Marxist have attempted to supplement the perceived deficiencies of orthodox Marxism or dialectical materialism.

From the Institute for Social Research founded in 1923 at the University of Frankfurt am Main grew one of the most important schools of neo-Marxist interdisciplinary social theory, The Frankfurt School.

This provides an interesting twist on Wallerstein's neo-Marxist interpretation of the international order which faults differences in power relations between ' core ' and ' periphery ' states as the chief cause for economic and political inequality ( However, the Singer-Prebisch thesis also works with different bargaining positions of labour in developed and developing countries ).

An out-of-town writer came up to Paul Richards today and asked the Oriole manager if he thought his ball club would be improved this year.

The position that " Christian theological anti-Judaism is a phenomenon distinct from modern antisemitism, which is rooted in economic and racial thought, so that Christian teachings should not be held responsible for antisemitism " has been articulated, among other places, by Pope John Paul II in ' We Re member: A Reflection on the Shoah ,' and the Jewish declaration on Christianity, Dabru Emet .. Several scholars, including Susannah Heschel, Gavin I Langmuir and Uriel Tal the General Synod has affirmed that " the good news of salvation in Jesus Christ is for all and must be shared with all including people from other faiths or of no faith and that to do anything else would be to institutionalize discrimination ".

In Ideen Paul Ricœur sees the development of Husserl's thought as leading " from the psychological cogito to the transcendental cogito.

The Protestant reformer Martin Luther denied it was the work of an apostle and termed it an " epistle of straw " as compared to some other books in the New Testament, not least because of the conflict he thought it raised with Paul on the doctrine of justification ( see below ).

Its authorship has traditionally been credited to Paul, but it is considered by some scholars to be Deutero-pauline, that is, written in Paul's name by a later author strongly influenced by Paul's thought.

Regarding marriage, Paul states that it is better for Christians to remain unmarried, but that if they lacked self-control, it is better to marry than " burn " ( πυροῦσθαι ) which Christians have traditionally thought meant to burn with sinful desires.

) Among those who critiqued him from the left were Marxist-humanist Raya Dunayevskaya, fellow German emigre Paul Mattick, both of whom subjected One-Dimensional Man to a Marxist critique, and Noam Chomsky, who knew and liked Marcuse " but thought very little of his work.

George William Gordon, a friend of Paul Bogle, was hanged because he was thought to have contributed to the riot even though he was not a part of its organization or execution.

The wealthy African-American shipowner Paul Cuffee thought this was a worthwhile exercise, and with support from certain members of Congress and British officials conveyed 38 American Blacks to Freetown in 1816 at his own expense.

Following the discovery that many Chilean vineyards thought to be planted with Sauvignon blanc was actually Sauvignonasse, the owners of the Chilean winery Domaine Paul Bruno ( who previously worked with Château Margaux and Château Cos d ' Estournel ) invited ampelographers to comb through their vineyards to make sure that their wines were properly identified.

However, John A. T. Robinson and other scholars argued for a much earlier dating, based on the fact that the New Testament writings make no mention of ( 1 ) the Great Fire of Rome ( A. D. 64 ), one of the most destructive fires in Roman history, which Emperor Nero blamed on the Christians, and led to the first major persecution of believers ; ( 2 ) the final years and deaths of Paul, who wrote most of the epistles, Peter, whom Catholics recognize as the first pope, and the other apostles ; ( 3 ) Nero's suicide ( A. D. 68 ); or ( 4 ) the total destruction of the temple in Jerusalem ( A. D. 70 ), which Robinson thought should certainly have appeared, considering the importance of that event for Jews and Christians of that time.

The Rabbinic and modern Hebrew name for Christians, notzrim, is also thought to derive from Nazareth, and be connected with Tertullus ' charge against Paul of being a member of the sect of the Nazarenes, Nazoraioi, " men of Nazareth " in Acts.

These developments — re-evaluation of the entire Western value system ( love, marriage, popular culture, shift from industrial to service economy ) that took place since the 1950s and 1960s, with a peak in the Social Revolution of 1968 — are described with the term Postmodernity, Influences on postmodern thought, Paul Lützeler ( St. Louis ) as opposed to Postmodernism, a term referring to an opinion or movement.

The 1981 recession is thought to have been caused by the tight-money policy adopted by Paul Volcker, chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, before Ronald Reagan took office.

Paul Hsao records Chang Chung-Yuan saying that " Heidegger is the only Western Philosopher who not only intellectually understands but has intuitively grasped Taoist thought.

In this year, Nuvolari scored his most impressive victory, thought by many to be the greatest victory in car racing of all times, when at the German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring, driving an old Alfa Romeo P3 ( 3167 cc, compressor, 265 hp ) versus the dominant, all conquering home team's cars of five Mercedes-Benz W25 ( 3990 cm³, 8C, compressor,, driven by Caracciola, Fagioli, Hermann Lang, Manfred von Brauchitsch and Geyer ) and four Auto Union Tipo B ( 4950 cc, 16C, compressor,, driven by Bernd Rosemeyer, Varzi, Hans Stuck and Paul Pietsch ).

At first Mozart thought he needed to finish his opera in only two months, because tentative plans were made to perform it at the September visit of the Russian Grand Duke Paul ( son of Catherine the Great and heir to the Russian throne ).

The band's drummer Roger Taylor commented ; " We never thought we would tour again, Paul came along by chance and we seemed to have a chemistry.

Orwell's Paris street, in the 5th arrondissement of Paris | 5th arrondissement: " tall old-fashioned windows and dark grey leaded roofs ; not far from the École Normale Supérieure — earlier in the twenties, Ernest Hemingway | Hemingway had lived only 500 yards from Orwell's street ; Elliot Paul was then still living in his own ' narrow street ', the Rue de la Huchette, in the same arrondissement down by the river near the Place Saint-Michel ; and once, at the Les Deux Magots | Deux Magots in 1928, Orwell thought he saw James Joyce.

Post-Keynesian economics is a school of economic thought with its origins in The General Theory of John Maynard Keynes, although its subsequent development was influenced to a large degree by Michał Kalecki, Joan Robinson, Nicholas Kaldor and Paul Davidson.

Bertolucci became infamous in 1972, with the controversial film Last Tango in Paris, with Marlon Brando and Maria Schneider, Jean-Pierre Léaud and Massimo Girotti, when a scene featuring the anal rape of character Jeane by character Paul using butter as a lubricant, among other depictions of the young Schneider that were thought to be exploitative, caused serious concern due to its representation of women.

The basic plot line is derived from a 1911 thought experiment in special relativity, commonly called the twin paradox, proposed by French physicist Paul Langevin.

This is thought to be a reference to Calvi's alleged involvement in financing the Solidarity trade union movement at the request of the late Pope John Paul II, allegedly on behalf of the Vatican.

The photographer following the band for the 1964 tour, Harry Benson, recalls in his book The Beatles in the Beginning, that " John was pleasant to Nicol, Paul was ambivalent, and George downright didn't like him and thought he was too pushy.

A recent trend in Anglo-Catholic thought related to the Thirty-Nine Articles has included the New Perspective on Paul.