Subsequent modifications of Watson's perspective and that of " classical conditioning " ( see under Ivan Pavlov ) led to the rise of operant conditioning or " radical behaviorism ," a theory advocated by B. F. Skinner, which took over the academic establishment up through the 1950s and was synonymous with " behaviorism " for many.

** Social conditioning, operant conditioning training individuals to act in a society

* Covert conditioning, classical and operant conditioning in mental health treatment

Applied behavior analysis, a set of techniques based on the behavioral principles of operant conditioning, is effective in a range of educational settings.

One more reason for irrational beliefs can perhaps be explained by operant conditioning.

The theory of operant conditioning was developed by B. F. Skinner and is known as Radical Behaviorism.

Proponents of Behaviorism argued that language may be learned through a form of operant conditioning.

Since operant conditioning is contingent on reinforcement by rewards, a child would learn that a specific combination of sounds stands for a specific thing through repeated successful associations made between the two.

RFT distinguishes itself from Skinner's work by identifying and defining a particular type of operant conditioning known as derived relational responding, a learning process that, to date, appears to occur only in humans possessing a capacity for language.

The Japanese apply a principle based on operant conditioning and the migratory nature of certain species.

According to this theory, people's behavior is formed by processes such as operant conditioning.

It is based on operant conditioning techniques.

Researchers tend to liken the training mechanism of the robo-rat to standard operant conditioning techniques.

) Observational learning appears to occur without the reinforcement of ongoing behavior that is called for in behavioral models of operant or instrumental conditioning.

A 2007 study found brown rats to possess metacognition, a mental ability previously only found in humans and some primates, but further analysis suggested they may have been following simple operant conditioning principles.

A similar, though radically reworked idea was taken up by B. F. Skinner in his formulation of operant conditioning.

Operant conditioning is a term that was coined by B. F Skinner in 1937 Operant conditioning is distinguished from classical conditioning ( or respondent conditioning ) in that operant conditioning deals with the modification of " voluntary behavior " or operant behavior.

" What we now call working memory was referred to as a " short-term store " or short-term memory, primary memory, immediate memory, operant memory, or provisional memory.

Specifically, say we have experimental subjects, rats, in an operant chamber and we require them to press a lever to receive a reward.

The prestige of Lloyd Morgan's canon partly derives from cases he described where behaviour that might at first seem to involve higher mental processes could in fact be explained by simple trial-and-error learning ( what we would now call operant conditioning ).

The development of Morgan's canon derived partly from his careful observations of behaviour, which provided convincing examples of cases where behaviour that seemed to imply higher mental processes could in fact be explained by simple trial and error learning ( what we would now call operant conditioning ).

For example, operant conditioning is at work when we learn that toiling industriously can bring about a raise or that studying hard for a particular class will result in good grades, in positive reinforcement.

Under this idea, which they called " feedforward ," animals learn during operant conditioning by simple pairing of stimuli, rather than by the consequences of their actions.

They learn such things as color discriminations through classical and operant conditioning and retain this information for several days at least ; they communicate the location and nature of sources of food ; they adjust their foraging to the times at which food is available ; they may even form cognitive maps of their surroundings.

Such use may be related to operant conditioning where the subject is conditioned to associate the whip with irritation, discomfort or pain, but in other cases, a whip can be used as a simple tool to provide a cue connected to positive reinforcement for compliant behavior.

Reinforcement and punishment, the core tools of operant conditioning, are either positive ( delivered following a response ), or negative ( withdrawn following a response ).

* Shaping is a form of operant conditioning in which the increasingly accurate approximations of a desired response are reinforced.

So, while experimenting with some homemade feeding mechanisms, Skinner invented the operant conditioning chamber which allowed him to measure rate of response as a key dependent variable using a cumulative record of lever presses or key pecks.

During the first trials ( called escape-trials ) the animal usually experiences both the CS ( Conditioned Stimulus ) and the US ( Unconditioned Stimulus ), showing the operant response to terminate the aversive US.

This is the amount of time which passes during successive presentations of the shock ( unless the operant response is performed ).

The other one is called the R-S-interval ( response-shock-interval ) which specifies the length of the time interval following an operant response during which no shocks will be delivered.

Note that each time the organism performs the operant response, the R-S-interval without shocks begins anew.

; b ) Reinforcement of the operant response by fear-reduction.

Although such studies are set up primarily in an operant conditioning chamber, using food rewards for pecking / bar-pressing behavior, the researchers describe pecking and bar pressing not in terms of reinforcement and stimulus – response relationships, but instead in terms of work, demand, budget, and labor.

An operant conditioning chamber permits experimenters to study behavior conditioning ( training ) by teaching a subject animal to perform certain actions ( like pressing a lever ) in response to specific stimuli, like a light or sound signal.

Modern operant conditioning chambers typically have many operanda, like many response levers, two or more feeders, and a variety of devices capable of generating many stimuli, including lights, sounds, music, figures, and drawings.

Skinner's operant chamber allowed him to explore the rate of response as a dependent variable, as well as develop his theory of schedules of reinforcement.

* Consequences can consist of reinforcing stimuli ( S ) or punishing stimuli ( S ) which follow and modify an operant response.

In self-administration studies, animals have been trained to give an operant response ( lever press, nose poke, wheel turn, etc.

Another use of the whip is to make a loud sound ( the ' cracking ' of a whip ) which induces a fear response in animals, especially those conditioned to the pain stimulus of the whip, and this technique is often used as part of an escalation response, with sound being used first prior to a pain stimulus being applied, again as part of operant conditioning.

This experience could be called operant conditioning for internal states even though no research has yet demonstrated that clear operant response curves occur under those scenarios.

Of particular importance was his concept of the operant response, of which the canonical example was the rat's lever-press.

In contrast with the idea of a physiological or reflex response, an operant is a class of structurally distinct but functionally equivalent responses.

Skinner's empirical work expanded on earlier research on trial-and-error learning by researchers such as Thorndike and Guthrie with both conceptual reformulations — Thorndike's notion of a stimulus – response " association " or " connection " was abandoned ; and methodological ones — the use of the " free operant ," so called because the animal was now permitted to respond at its own rate rather than in a series of trials determined by the experimenter procedures.

The law of effect provided a framework for psychologist B. F. Skinner almost half a century later on the principles of operant conditioning, “ a learning process by which the effect, or consequence, of a response influences the future rate of production of that response .” Skinner would later use an updated version of Thorndike ’ s puzzle box, which has contributed immensely to our perception and understanding of the law of effect in modern society and how it relates to operant conditioning.