Under this perspective, organised crime is not a modern phenomenon-the construction of 17th and 18th century crime gangs fulfil all the present day criteria of criminal organisations ( in clear opposition to the Alien Conspiracy Theory ).

* Support for the strategy of permanent revolution, in opposition to the Two Stage Theory of his opponents ;

Stalin's theory of socialism in one country was developed in 1924 as an opposition to Trotsky's Theory of Permanent Revolution, which argued that capitalism was a world system and required a world revolution in order to replace it with socialism.

'"( Fullarton, 1845, p. 207 ) This theory is in opposition to the Quantity Theory of Money proposed by Irving Fisher which states that money supply has a direct, positive relationship with the price level.

She is well known for her opposition to orthodoxy in current analytic philosophy of mind, and for her use of J. L. Austin's Speech Act Theory to look at the effects of pornography.

According to Theodore H Cohn in Global Political Economy Theory and Practice ( 2005 ), " he most effective opposition to the MAI was launched by a wide-ranging coalition of civil society NGOs.

The Democratic Justice Party changed its form and acted to suppress the opposition party and to follow the people's demand for direct elections.

In ` Abdu ' l-Bahá's Will and Testament, He appointed Shoghi Effendi as the Guardian of the Bahá ' í Faith, called for the eventual election of the Universal House of Justice, and defined in the same manner opposition to these two institutions as Covenant-Breaking.

Moderate reformists who accept and work within the democratic process include the Justice and Development Party of Turkey, Tunisian author and reformer Rashid Al-Ghannouchi and Malaysian opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim.

The three most competitive opposition parties are the People's Justice Party ( Parti Keadilan Rakyat in Malay, shortened to PKR ), the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party ( Parti Islam se-Malaysia, or PAS ), and the Democratic Action Party ( DAP ).

With Aziz constitutionally completing his term and the suspension of the Chief Justice in 2007, Musharraf dramatically fell from the presidency in 2008 after voluntarily resigning in a facing threat of impeachment led by the people-elected opposition parties.

Since then there have been three democratic changes of government: in 1996, the democratic-liberal opposition and its leader Emil Constantinescu acceded to power ; in 2000 the Social Democrats returned to power, with Iliescu once again president ; and in 2004 Traian Băsescu was elected president, with an electoral coalition called Justice and Truth Alliance ( DA ).

The bill-tabled by Independent MP Ralph Regenvanu and supported by Prime Minister Edward Natapei and opposition leader Maxime Carlot Korman-committed Vanuatu to recognising West Papua's independence ; to seeking observer status for West Papua in the Melanesian Spearhead Group and in the Pacific Islands Forum ; and to " request Nations General Assembly support for the International Court of Justice to provide an advisory opinion on the process in which the former Netherlands New Guinea was ceded to Indonesia in the 1960s ".

There are currently two major blocs of political parties in Venezuela: the incumbent leftist bloc United Socialist Party of Venezuela ( PSUV ), its major allies Fatherland for All ( PPT ) and the Communist Party of Venezuela ( PCV ), and the opposition bloc led by A New Era ( UNT ) together with its allied parties Project Venezuela, Justice First, Movement for Socialism ( Venezuela ) and others.

Two motions of no confidence were made by the right-wing opposition ( the Northern League and the ex-Christian Democratic splinter groups CDU-CDR ), against the Justice Minister, Giovanni Maria Flick, and the Interior Minister, Giorgio Napolitano, stating that Gelli had benefited from accomplices helping him in his escape.

His appointee as Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court, Rose Bird, was recalled in 1986 by voters angry at her opposition to the death penalty.

The warrant itself inspired further opposition, as Khoei's own followers blamed Ba ' athists for the murder, the Coalition-appointed Iraqi Minister of Justice stated that he had no knowledge of the warrant, and the Iraqi Jurists Association declared the warrant " illegal ".

“ I have stated that an opposition of force of arms to the lawful authority of the king or his ministries … is high treason, but in the moment when the king or his ministries shall exceed the constitutional authority vested in them … submission to their mandates becomes treason .”-Benjamin Chew, Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, in an address to the last provincial grand jury, April 10, 1776

Wan Azizah had formed a liberal opposition party, the National Justice Party ( Keadilan ) to fight the 1999 election.

On the High Court he joined H. B. Higgins as a radical minority on the Court in opposition to the Chief Justice, Sir Samuel Griffith.

Grant nominated Caleb Cushing for Chief Justice on January 9, 1874, but despite Cushing's great learning and eminence at the bar, his anti-war record and the feeling of distrust experienced by many members of the U. S. Senate on account of his inconsistency, aroused such vigorous opposition that his nomination was withdrawn on January 13, 1874.

Plans by the current trustees, Haringey Council, to replace all the charitable uses by commercial ones by a commercial lease of the entire building, including a casino, have encountered considerable public and legal opposition, and on 5 October 2007, in the High Court, Mr Justice Sullivan granted an application by Jacob O ' Callaghan, a London resident, to quash the Charity Commission's Order authorising a 125-year lease of the entire building to Firoka Ltd.

For a few months in 1830 he held office as Minister of Justice, but, finding himself out of harmony with his colleagues, resigned before the end of the year and resumed his place in the opposition.

Reasons for delaying had to do with the changes in the Court and with Chief Justice Earl Warren steering a careful course given the expected opposition from Southern states.

This likemindedness led to both Brennan and Marshall's clerks referring to them as ' Justice Brennan-Marshall ' in the face of the court's heavy conservative opposition to the two.

In opposition he was Shadow Deputy Health Minister before becoming Shadow Deputy Justice Minister with responsibility for Prisons and Drugs policy, Convenor of the SNP Group in the Scottish Parliament and Deputy Convenor of the Parliament's Justice 1 Committee.

But, the four presidential terms spanning the period from 1800 to 1817 “ did little to advance the cause of states ’ rights and much to weaken it .” Over Jefferson ’ s opposition, the power of the federal judiciary, led by Federalist Chief Justice John Marshall, increased.

The bill was controversial at the time, receiving strong opposition from both Houses of Parliament, and was passed on the assurance by Campbell in his capacity of Lord Chief Justice that it was "... intended to apply exclusively to works written for the single purpose of corrupting the morals of youth and of a nature calculated to shock the common feelings of decency in any well-regulated mind.

On October 24, 1999, the four largest opposition parties — the Islamic Party of Malaysia ( PAS ), the Democratic Action Party ( DAP ), the National Justice Party ( Keadilan ) and the Malaysian People's Party -- announced an electoral alliance and issued a joint manifesto.

The bill was controversial at the time, receiving strong opposition from both Houses of Parliament, and was passed on the assurance by the Lord Chief Justice that it was "... intended to apply exclusively to works written for the single purpose of corrupting the morals of youth and of a nature calculated to shock the common feelings of decency in any well-regulated mind.

But his opposition hardened and by 1579, in The School Of Abuse, he was ready to banish all `` players ''.

More, the U.S. action was hailed by a principal opposition leader, Dr. Juan Bosch, as having saved `` many lives and many troubles in the near future ''.

His strong opposition to the transfer of Negro children to schools outside their own neighborhood, in the interest of integration, will be attacked by Negro leaders who have fought for, and achieved, this open or permissive enrollment.

The Providence Daily Journal answered the Daily Post by stating that the raid of John Brown was characteristic of Democratic acts of violence and that `` He was acting in direct opposition to the Republican Party, who proclaim as one of their cardinal principles that they do not interfere with slavery in the states ''.

Despite the opposition of the city newspapers, the Pratt Hall meeting `` brought together a very respectable audience, composed in part of those who had been distinguished for years for their radical views upon the subject of slavery, of many of our colored citizens, and of those who were attracted to the place by the novelty of such a gathering ''.

Davis commenced his remarks by an allusion to the general feeling of opposition which the meeting had encountered from many of the citizens and all the newspapers of the city.

Pip imagines how Estella would look down upon Joe's hands, roughened by work in the smithy, and the deliberate contrast between her white hands and his blackened ones is made to symbolize the opposition of values between which Pip struggles -- idleness and work, artificiality and naturalness, gentility and commonness, coldness and affection -- in fact, between Satis House and the forge.

But as November 1924 drew close the Democratic hierarchy was sorely troubled by grapevine reports that O'Banion was being wooed by the opposition, and was meeting and conferring with important Republicans.

R. B. Gregg has written that `` non-violence and good will of the victim act like the lack of physical opposition by the user of physical jiu-jitsu, to cause the attacker to lose his moral balance.

The housing bill is expected to encounter strong opposition by the coalition of Southern Democrats and conservative Republicans.

So, too, was the insistence on the relativity of the external world, and the ideas that language and things perceived by consciousness were poor substitutes indeed for immediate perception by pure, indwelling spirit: the opposition of pure consciousness to ratiocinating consciousness.

Lincoln emphasized his opposition to Polk by drafting and introducing his Spot Resolutions.

The opposition claimed to be disadvantaged by the ALP's longstanding monopoly on patronage and its control of the media, especially in the 1999 general election.

Following the assassination in Parliament of Prime Minister Vazgen Sargsyan and parliament Speaker Karen Demirchyan and six other officials, on 27 October 1999, a period of political instability ensued during which an opposition headed by elements of the former Armenian National Movement government attempted unsuccessfully to force Kocharyan to resign.

A new party, the Republic Party, is headed by ex-Prime Minister Aram Sargsyan, brother of Vazgen Sargsyan, and has become the primary voice of the opposition, which also includes the Armenian Communist Party, the National Unity party of Artashes Geghamyan, and elements of the former Ter-Petrosyan government.

Public demonstrations usually take place without government interference, though one rally in November 2000 by an opposition party was followed by the arrest and imprisonment for a month of its organizer.

# Oilimport and distribution ( claimed by Armenian opposition parties to belonging to a handful of government-linked individuals, one of which-" Mika Limited "-is owned by Mikhail Baghdasarian, while the other-" Flash "-is owned by Barsegh Beglarian, a " prominent representative of the Karabakh clan ")

Arianism is defined as those teachings attributed to Arius which are in opposition to mainstream Trinitarian Christological doctrine, as determined by the first two Ecumenical Councils and currently maintained by the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, and most Reformation Protestant Churches.

On November 6, 1827, Alcott started teaching in Bristol, Connecticut, still using the same methods he used in Cheshire, but opposition from the community surfaced quickly ; he was unemployed by March 1828.