The Kennedy administration moves haltingly toward a Geneva conference on Laos just as serious debate over its foreign policy erupts for the first time.

* Case ( policy debate ), part of a policy debate in a debate competition

" U. S. foreign policy and foreign aid have been the subject of much debate, praise and criticism both domestically and abroad.

As a result of intense internal debate, the national policy was one of becoming the Arsenal of Democracy, that is financing and equipping the Allied armies without sending American combat soldiers.

Modern American politics has been described as a duopoly since the Republican and Democratic parties have dominated and framed policy debate as well as the public discourse on matters of national concern for about a century and a half.

During the 1993 policy debate, the National Defense Research Institute prepared a study for the Office of the Secretary of Defense published as Sexual Orientation and U. S. Military Personnel Policy: Options and Assessment.

" Previously, during his Senate confirmation hearing in 2007, Mullen told lawmakers, " I really think it is for the American people to come forward, really through this body, to both debate that policy and make changes, if that's appropriate.

Serving both developed and developing countries, FAO acts as a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate policy.

While " glasnost " is associated with freedom of speech, the main goal of this policy was to make the country's management transparent and open to debate, thus circumventing the narrow circle of apparatchiks who previously exercised complete control of the economy.

Given the differences of opinion within the Lord Aberdeen cabinet over the direction of foreign policy with regard to relations between Britain and the French under Napoleon III, it is not surprising that debate raged within the government as Louis Bonaparte, now assuming the title of Emperor Napoleon III of France.

One recent scholar, Robin Bush, even argued that the Jutes of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight became victims of a policy of ethnic cleansing by the West Saxons, although this has been the subject of debate amongst academics, with the counter-claim that only the aristocracy might have been wiped out.

The debate topics ranged broadly from the usual such as abortion and foreign policy to the unusual such as an incident preceding the then-current baseball playoffs, in which Roberto Alomar, the Baltimore Orioles ' second baseman, cursed and spat on an umpire.

The Mexico policy debate was one of the more interesting topics for critical review.

* Tax policy and the economy: a debate between Michael Harrington and Representative Jack Kemp, April 25, 1979., ( New York, N. Y.: Institute for Democratic Socialism, 1979, no ISBN )

It also exercises political control over the cabinet through formal questioning of ministers on policy issues and by requesting a confidence debate.

Lederman was an early supporter of Science Debate 2008, an initiative to get the then-candidates for president, Barack Obama and John McCain, to debate the nation's top science policy challenges.

Immigration policy does not provoke much debate in Mauritius, and the relative economic stability of the island serves to attract foreign workers.

The confrontation between the triumvirate and Trotsky began over the debate between the policy of Permanent Revolution as advocated by Trotsky and Socialism in One Country as advocated by Stalin.

" When his peerage was first announced, he said, " It will give me the opportunity ... to contribute to the national debate on issues like higher education, research, Europe and foreign policy.

As the debate continued, Wilhelm became increasingly interested in social problems, especially the treatment of mine workers who went on strike in 1889, and keeping with his active policy in government, routinely interrupted Bismarck in Council to make clear his social policy.

But he rejects, perhaps a little too sweepingly, the theory that disloyal and pro-Communist influences may have contributed to the policy of appeasing Stalin which persisted until after the end of the war and reached its high point at the Yalta Conference in February, 1945.

This capability is enabled because the configuration not only imposes a security policy, but in theory completely protects itself from corruption.

With the second version, Valve instituted a policy of ' delayed bans ,' the theory being that if a new hack is developed which circumvents the VAC system, it will spread amongst the ' cheating ' community.

Under this policy, Albania would develop its agricultural output in order to supply the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact nations while these nations would be developing specific resource outputs of their own, which would in theory strengthen the Warsaw Pact by greatly reducing the lack of certain resources that many of the nations faced.

Econometrics add empirical content to economic theory allowing theories to be tested and used for forecasting and policy evaluation.

Monetary policy of the Federal Reserve System is based partially on the theory that it is best overall to expand or contract the money supply as economic conditions change.

* Critical legal studies is a younger theory of jurisprudence that has developed since the 1970s which is primarily a negative thesis that the law is largely contradictory and can be best analyzed as an expression of the policy goals of the dominant social group.

Graham White argues, partially on the basis of Sraffianism, that the policy of increased labor market flexibility, including the reduction of minimum wages, does not have an " intellectually coherent " argument in economic theory.

He was a recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and is known for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and the complexity of stabilization policy.

In 1976, Friedman won the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel " for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy.

In addition, the authors of the 2007 study above state that " because of the use of the term ' nuclear autumn ' by Thompson and Schneider, even though the authors made clear that the climatic consequences would be large, in policy circles the theory of nuclear winter is considered by some to have been exaggerated and disproved Martin, 1988.

The theory of behavioral finance emerged to describe the effect of such groupthink on pricing, on policy, and on peace and conflict.

Much academic debate regarded one or both of two pragmatic topics: how ( or whether ) to apply utilitarianism to problems of political policy, or how ( or whether ) to apply economic models ( such as rational choice theory ) to political issues.

" Political science intersects with other fields ; including anthropology, public administration, public policy, national politics, economics, international relations, comparative politics, psychology, sociology, history, law, political organization, and political theory.

This policy was held more in theory than in practice and was eventually repudiated centuries later.

Punctuated equilibrium in social theory is a method of understanding change in complex social systems, particularly how policy change and the development of conflicts seem to progress in extended periods of stasis, punctuated by sudden shifts in radical change.

Although, in theory, the country is an absolute monarchy, in practice major policy decisions are made outside these formal governmental structures and not solely by the king.

Graham White argues, partially on the basis of Sraffianism, that the policy of increased labor market flexibility, including the reduction of minimum wages, does not have an " intellectually coherent " argument in economic theory.

He sometimes used his column to deliver pointed invectives against political opponents, and at other times used it as a kind of professor of political theory, educating ANC cadres on the intellectual justifications for ANC policy.

Educational and research programmes will be characterised by the interaction between theory and practice, also contributing to policy innovations, and will therefore be appealing to both academics and professionals.

This theory claims that " powerful interest groups follow a policy of neglect of the inner city until such time as they become aware that policy changes could yield tremendous profits " ( London and Palen, 1984 ).

Ultimately, applying political ecology to policy decisions – especially in the US and Western Europe – will remain problematic as long as there is a resistance to Marxist and neo-Marxist theory.

* Milton Friedman won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1976 for " his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy ".