* Sanguine, one of the four humors in pre-modern medicine

The major catalogues in this collection include: ( 1 ) some 6, 000 documents relating to the Tokugawa Shogunate ( 1603 – 1867 ), such as records of town magistrates, the shogunal Supreme Court, and the Commissioners of Shrines and Temples, as well as documents concerning the succession of shoguns ; ( 2 ) the Ito Bunko and Shirai Bunko, consisting of 8, 000 handwritten and woodblock printed books dating from the Edo and Meiji Periods and concerning Japanese medicine ; and ( 3 ) the Shinjo Bunko, consisting of 11, 000 examples of pre-modern writings on astronomy and calendars, in addition to ancient Chinese works on the Qing Dynasty, genealogy, and local history.

* Derangement or disturbance of the humour or " temper ", in pre-modern medicine

There is at least one example of a pre-modern sub-Saharan African philosopher: Anthony William Amo was taken as a slave from Awukenu in what is now Ghana, was brought up and educated in Europe ( gaining doctorates in medicine and philosophy ), and became a professor at the universities of Halle Halle and Jena.

In pre-modern medicine, it was ranked among the best cardiacs, and was frequently used for the palpitation of the heart, or syncope, sometimes for smallpox and measles and a general restorative.

In pre-modern medicine it was an ingredient in the electuary called confectio hamech, or diacatholicon, and most other laxative pills ; and in such cases as required purging, it was very successful.

* Catholicon ( electuary ), an alleged all-purpose cure ( panacea ) used in pre-modern medicine

The population of Akkad, like nearly all pre-modern states, was entirely dependent upon the agricultural systems of the region, which seem to have had two principal centres: the irrigated farmlands of southern Iraq that traditionally had a yield of 30 grains returned for each grain sown and the rain-fed agriculture of northern Iraq, known as " the Upper Country ".

Monks were some of the leading intellectuals in Mongolia, responsible for much of the literature and art of the pre-modern period.

Ophiuchus in a manuscript copy of Azophi's Book of Fixed Stars | Uranometry, 18th-century copy of a manuscript prepared for Ulugh Beg in 1417 ( note that as in all pre-modern star chart s, the constellation is mirrored, with Serpens Caput on the left and Serpens Cauda on the right ).

He argued instead we should return to pre-modern thinkers for answers to contemporary issues.

Serpens and Ophiuchus in a manuscript copy of Azophi's Book of Fixed Stars | Uranometry, 18th-century copy of a manuscript prepared for Ulugh Beg in 1417 ( note that as in all pre-modern star chart s, the constellation is mirrored, with Serpens Caput on the left and Serpens Cauda on the right ).

Despite its loss of influence during the Tang Dynasty, Confucianist doctrine remained a mainstream Chinese orthodoxy for two millennia until the 20th century, when it was attacked by radical Chinese thinkers as a vanguard of a pre-modern system and an obstacle to China's modernization, eventually culminating in its repression during the Cultural Revolution in the People's Republic of China.

As well as possessing many sites with the skeletal and cultural remains of both pre-modern and early modern humans ( e. g. at Kebara Cave in Israel ), later Pleistocene hunter-gatherers and Epipalaeolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherers ( the Natufians ), this area is most famous for its sites related to the origins of agriculture.

In drawing such a picture of reason, Habermas hoped to demonstrate that the substantive unity of reason, which in pre-modern societies had been able to answer questions about the good life, could be made up for by the unity of reason's formalizable procedures.

Besides being the headquarters for the government salt monopoly and the largest pre-modern industrial production center of the empire, Yangzhou was also the geographical midpoint along the north-south trade axis, and so became the major center for southern goods shipped north.

During the pre-modern period, Mombasa was an important centre for the trade in spices, gold, and ivory.

Many scholars, including researcher Anthony Smith, argue that nations tend to be formed on the basis of a pre-modern ethnic core that provides the myths, symbols, and memories for the modern nation and that WASPs were indeed that core.

Concentrating on real India, its rituals and festivities, Malle fell afoul of the Indian government, which disliked his portrayal of the country, in its fascination with the pre-modern, and consequently banned the BBC from filming in India for several years.

Some faculties require candidates to earn sufficient credits in a third or fourth foreign language ; for example, most candidates in modern Japanese topics must demonstrate ability in English, Japanese, and Mandarin, while candidates in pre-modern Japanese topics must demonstrate ability in English, Japanese, Classical Chinese, and Classical Japanese language.

( This process of chewing grains or other starches was used in the production of alcoholic beverages in pre-modern cultures around the world, including, for example, sake in Japan.

Like Eminescu, Iorga was essentially a conservative anti-capitalist and economic corporatist, who confessed his admiration for pre-modern guilds.

Scholars have studied how Chinese folk religion-inspired society, elastic and polytheistic in spirit, provided the groundwork for the development of dynamic grassroots Chinese-style pre-modern capitalism in Song Dynasty China and modern capitalism in contemporary Taiwan.

Mircea Eliade has suggested that in many pre-modern cultures one finds the concept of the Fall and a " nostalgia for paradise ".

The tallest pre-modern building in China was built for both religious and martial purposes.

The Gordon IN Orvieto semester program aims to foster students an attitude of responsive looking and listening for signs of new life in the traditions inhabited by artists, poets, saints, and mystics of the past, especially those of pre-modern Europe in Italy.

This makes it a valuable technique for studying many pre-modern societies.

Scholars have studied how Chinese folk religion-inspired society, elastic and polytheistic in spirit, provided the groundwork for the development of dynamic grassroots Chinese-style pre-modern capitalism in Song Dynasty China and modern capitalism in contemporary Taiwan.

By the Iron Age, with the associated developments in religion ( the Axial Age ), human sacrifice was becoming less common throughout the Old World, and came to be widely looked down upon as barbaric already in pre-modern times ( Classical Antiquity ).

The story of Hua Mulan has inspired a number of screen and stage adaptations without taking into account pre-modern Chinese plays and operas about the subject.

More specifically, paleodemography looks at the changes in pre-modern populations in order to determine something about the influences on the lifespan and health of earlier peoples.

A new concept, popularized by John Fairbank was the notion of " change within tradition " which argued that although China did change in the pre-modern period but that this change existed within certain cultural traditions.

Thus two systems of government co-existed within the same state: democracy in Denmark, and pre-modern estates system in Schleswig and Holstein.

Most surviving pre-modern manuscripts use the codex format ( as in a modern book ), which had replaced the scroll by Late Antiquity.

A standard example is alchemy, which from the 18th century became chemistry, or pre-modern astrology which from the 17th century became astronomy.

For example, especially in pre-modern societies, most strangers made a living from trade, which was often viewed as an unpleasant activity by " native " members of those societies.

Some scholars unfamiliar with common medieval hermeneutics ( most notably, Shadia Drury ) have found fault with Strauss's contention that pre-modern political philosophers upheld an " exoteric " or salutary teaching in the act of pointing to an " esoteric " or true teaching, which remained hidden to the non-philosophical reader.

The title ' président ' of Hell would suggest a parallel with the presiding officer of a college or convocation, which are the only pre-modern uses of the term.

In pre-modern society, the ordeal typically ranked along with the oath and witness accounts as the central means by which to reach a judicial verdict.

CUHK also houses the Chinese University of Hong Kong Art Museum, which houses " a wide range of artifacts illuminating the rich arts, humanities and cultural heritage of ancient and pre-modern China.

Not only did Trás-os-Montes maintain a piping tradition as bagpipes in general declined throughout Europe, but the regional bagpipe also shows many aspects of pre-modern musical scales which have been preserved.

Modernism eventually generated reactions, most notably Postmodernism which sought to preserve pre-modern elements, while Neomodernism emerged as a reaction to Postmodernism.

In pre-modern societies, space was the area in which one moved, time was the experience one had while moving.

Further, the monarchs continued ruling through a form of medieval contractualism, which made their rule pre-modern in a few ways.

The change was evolutionary and has been described as the event that took cricket out of its " pioneering phase " into what may be termed its " pre-modern phase " ( i. e., which ended when overarm bowling ushered in the modern game in 1864 ) and effectively created a different code of cricket, just as there are now two different codes of rugby football.

Thus, Hochschild argues that love is gold but the gold is created through a social alchemy which blends a pre-modern childhood ( as lived in rural areas of the Philippines, Thailand, India ) and a post-modern American ideology of intensive mothering and child development, with the loneliness and separation of migration.

Class solidarity was maintained through generations of intermarriage, which enabled the formation of distinctive social classes that existed throughout Korean pre-modern history.

Tongyangxi (), also known as Shim-pua marriage in Taiwanese (), was a tradition of arranged marriage dating back to pre-modern China, in which a poor family would sell a pre-adolescent daughter to a richer family as a servant.

Tenjiku ( 天竺 ) is the Japanese word, which derives from Chinese word Tianzhu ( 天竺 ) commonly used in reference to pre-modern India.

Baggage ( not luggage ), or baggage train, can also refer to the train of people and goods, both military and of a personal nature, which commonly followed pre-modern armies on campaign.

Baggage can also refer to the train of people and goods, both military and of a personal nature, which commonly followed pre-modern armies on campaign.

National identity is typically associated with the early modern or modern nation, as one of the integrative elements of that nationalist ethos by which the disparate cultures of the pre-modern agricultural world are welded into a unified popular consciousness of patriotic belonging.