Q-switched lasers are often used in applications which demand high laser intensities in nanosecond pulses, such as metal cutting or pulsed holography.

For many applications, especially with single phase AC where the full-wave bridge serves to convert an AC input into a DC output, the addition of a capacitor may be desired because the bridge alone supplies an output of pulsed DC ( see diagram to right ).

Some can be driven by an external signal, for example, for applications requiring a pulsed output.

* Because it has no iron core to saturate, it is highly linear even when subjected to large currents, such as those used in electric power transmission, welding, or pulsed power applications.

Special purpose, high-energy triggerable spark gaps can be used to rapidly switch high voltages and very high currents for certain pulsed power applications, such as pulsed lasers, railguns, fusion, ultrastrong pulsed magnetic field research, and in the triggering of nuclear bombs.

Modern applications include pulse drivers for pulsed radar equipment, high-energy gas lasers, radiotherapy devices, particle accelerators and in Tesla coils and similar devices.

In such applications, a control grid is typically introduced between the TWT's electron gun and slow-wave structure to allow pulsed operation.

Other subjects of interest include all their possible applications in the field of artificial intelligence, for example with a better understanding of natural biological thinking and memory for the implementation of such model using neural networks for the processing of pulsed signals with software and hardware methods with auto-selected and self-maintained combinations of activation cycles of adjacent neurons.

X band is used in radar applications including continuous-wave, pulsed, single-polarization, dual-polarization, synthetic aperture radar, and phased arrays.

For example, specially constructed " pulse rated " ignitrons are still used in certain pulsed power applications.

In many applications, the current flow ( typically in the range 1 mA to 1 A ) is able to be pulsed on for between about 1 ms to 1 s. This enables consistent doses of X-rays, and taking snapshots of motion.

A pulse forming network ( PFN ) accumulates electrical energy over a comparatively long time, then releases the stored energy in the form of a relatively square pulse of comparatively short duration for various pulsed power applications.

After the war development continued in other applications leading to the super pulsed power machines at Sandia National Laboratories.

Trigatrons find many different uses in pulsed power applications.

There is ongoing research that demonstrates potential applications as a soft X-ray source for next-generation microelectronics lithography, surface micromachining, pulsed X-ray and neutron source for medical and security inspection applications and materials modification, among others.

However, stellarators, unlike tokamaks, do not require a toroidal current, so that the expense and complexity of current drive and / or the loss of availability and periodic stresses of pulsed operation can be avoided, and there is no risk of toroidal current disruptions.

This is inherently a pulsed process because there is a limit to the current through the primary ( there are also other limitations on long pulses ).

Since lasers and intense pulsed light sources cause thermal damage to the skin, there are concerns that laser or intense pulsed light treatments for acne will induce hyperpigmented macules ( spots ) or cause long-term dryness of the skin.

In recent years, there has been a paradigm shift in surface engineering from age-old electroplating to processes such as vapor phase deposition, diffusion, thermal spray & welding using advanced heat sources like plasma, laser, ion, electron, microwave, solar beams, synchroton radiation, pulsed arc, pulsed combustion, spark, friction and induction.

The advantages of a pulsed muon sources are that in principle, one can use the entire incoming muon intensity and there is almost no background due to accidental coincidences between the incoming muons and decay positrons.

( Since 1997, there have been one or two reports of serious accidents involving pulsed lasers being used at discos.

A pulsed high voltage source ( typically 1-2 kV ) is generated and applied to the specimen, with pulse repetition rates in the hundreds of kilohertz range.

An excellent method for the measurement of self-diffusion coefficients is pulsed field gradient ( PFG ) NMR, where no isotopic tracers are needed.

In PEF processing, a substance is placed between two electrodes, then the pulsed electric field is applied.

A laser can be classified as operating in either continuous or pulsed mode, depending on whether the power output is essentially continuous over time or whether its output takes the form of pulses of light on one or another time scale.

When the modulation rate is on time scales much slower than the cavity lifetime and the time period over which energy can be stored in the lasing medium or pumping mechanism, then it is still classified as a " modulated " or " pulsed " continuous wave laser.

Another method of achieving pulsed laser operation is to pump the laser material with a source that is itself pulsed, either through electronic charging in the case of flash lamps, or another laser which is already pulsed.

Its reaction to silicon is " plasmaless ", is purely chemical and spontaneous and is often operated in pulsed mode.

Radboud University runs the High Field Magnetic Laboratory which is able to achieve some of the highest fields available in Europe at 33 teslas ( continuous ) and 60 teslas ( pulsed ).

This nonlinearity is typically only observed at very high light intensities ( values of the electric field comparable to interatomic electric fields, typically 10 < sup > 8 </ sup > V / m ) such as those provided by pulsed lasers.

It would, however, need the addition of a pulsed transmitter and a method of measuring the time delay of the received radio echos, and that would in time come from work on ionosondes.

In pulsed radar and sonar signal processing, an ambiguity function is a two-dimensional function of time delay and Doppler frequency

There are several methods for measuring the temporal coherence of the light ( see: field-autocorrelation ), including the continuous wave Michelson or Fourier transform spectrometer and the pulsed Fourier transform spectrograph ( which is more sensitive and has a much shorter sampling time than conventional spectroscopic techniques, but is only applicable in a laboratory environment ).

* Fourier transform spectroscopy, a measurement technique whereby spectra are collected based on measurements of the temporal coherence of a radiative source, using time-domain measurements of the electromagnetic radiation or other type of radiation, including several methods such as the continuous wave Michelson or Fourier transform spectrometer and the pulsed Fourier transform spectrograph

TA-IV, located approximately 1 / 2 mile ( 1 km ) south of TA-I, consists of several inertial-confinement fusion research and pulsed power research facilities, including the High Energy Radiation Megavolt Electron Source ( Hermes-III ), the Z Facility, the Short Pulsed High Intensity Nanosecond X-Radiator ( SPHINX ) Facility, and the Saturn Accelerator.

Also characteristic of several of Reich's pieces, such as New York Counterpoint, Electric Counterpoint, Sextet, Music for 18 Musicians, Three Movements for Orchestra, the exposition of the pulse is followed by pulsed notes in the choir and orchestra fading in and out over the course of a chord progression.

The lasers are often pulsed, with measurement of the atmosphere being time-gated ( taking place a few microseconds after the pulse has been launched so that scattered light at ground level is ignored and only light which has traveled for several microseconds high up into the atmosphere and back is actually detected ).

He started working in this field with shock tubes, acting as pulsed power MHD generators delivering several megawatts through direct conversion of supersonic hot gases into electricity, a device invented by Bert Zauderer and Jack Kerrebrock.

The total energy required when exposing holographic film using a continuous wave laser ( i. e. for several seconds ) is significantly less than the total energy required when exposing holographic film using a pulsed laser ( i. e. around 20 – 40 nanoseconds ) due to a reciprocity failure.

Maker and Terhune used a pulsed ruby laser to investigate the third order response of several materials.

The laser commonly used is a two-stage tunable pulsed dye laser usually pumped by a copper vapor laser ; the master oscillator is low-power but highly precise, and its power is increased by a dye laser amplifier acting as optical amplifier.