While refuting reincarnation, the Saadia Gaon further states that Jews who hold to reincarnation have adopted non-Jewish beliefs.

During this stage a dispute occurred between ad-Darazi and Hamza bin Ali mainly concerning ad-Darazi's ghuluww ( Arabic, " exaggeration "), which refers to the belief that God was incarnated in human beings, especially ' Ali and his descendants, including Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah who was the current Caliph, and ad-Darazi naming himself " The Sword of the Faith " which led Hamza to write an epistle refuting the need for the sword to spread the faith and several epistles refuting the beliefs of the ghulat.

Irenaeus ' point when refuting the Gnostics was that all of the Apostolic churches had preserved the same traditions and teachings in many independent streams.

Most evidence for the Valentinian theory comes from its critics and detractors, most notably Irenaeus, since he was especially concerned with refuting Valentinianism.

Jeong stated that this book was written with the objective of refuting Buddhism once and for all " lest it destroy morality and eventually humanity itself.

Plato, the most famous student of Socrates, depicts Socrates as refuting some sophists in several Dialogues.

To " attack a straw man " is to create the illusion of having refuted a proposition by replacing it with a superficially similar yet unequivalent proposition ( the " straw man "), and refuting it, without ever having actually refuted the original position.

Therefore " all Scripture is divinely inspired and has its use for teaching the truth and refuting error, for reformation of manners and discipline in right living, so that the man who belongs to God may be efficient and equipped for good work of every kind " ( 2 Tim.

This is due to the fact that the Second Council of Constantinople of AD 553 confirmed the validity of the condemnation of Nestorius, refuting the impius letter of Iba that affirms that Nestorius was condemned without the due inquiry.

The book attempts to explain why Eurasian civilizations ( in which he includes North Africa ) have survived and conquered others, while refuting the assumption that Eurasian hegemony is due to any form of Eurasian intellectual, moral or inherent genetic superiority.

He is most well known for his series of experiments, published in 1668 as Esperienze Intorno alla Generazione degl ' Insetti ( Experiments on the Generation of Insects ), which is regarded as one of the first steps in refuting " spontaneous generation "-a theory also known as Aristotelian abiogenesis.

The fact that Barthes ’ work was ever adapting and refuting notions of stability and constancy means there is no canon of thought within his theory to model one's thoughts upon, and thus no " Barthesism ".

The ' essence ' which is mentioned here is not merely refuting a self which is permanent, partless and independent, or a self that belongs to the views of other philosophies: While commenting on Candrakīrti, Tsongkhapa says:

The fallacy in the argument can be illustrated through the use of an Euler Diagram: " A " satisfies the requirement that it is part of both sets " B " and " C ", but if one represents this as an Euler diagram, it can clearly be seen that it is possible that a part of set " B " is not part of set " C ", refuting the conclusion that " all Bs are Cs ".

Pseudodoxia Epidemica or Enquries into very many received tenets and commonly presumed truths, also known simply as Pseudodoxia Epidemica or Vulgar Errors, is a work by Thomas Browne refuting the common errors and superstitions of his age.

In fact, Locke's First Treatise is entirely a response to Filmer's Patriarcha, and takes a step by step method to refuting Filmer's theory set out in Patriarcha.

There is no evidence supporting or refuting this.

" Susan Wright reported, however, that Bell was also " one of the first to publicize expert opinions refuting the ' alien ' companion " said to have been shadowing Hale-Bopp, such as that published in 1998 from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory suggesting that " the satellite's main diameter is ~ 30 km ," and accordingly natural rather than artificial.

Lucas is perhaps best known for his paper " Minds, Machines and Gödel ," arguing that an automaton cannot represent a human mathematician, essentially refuting computationalism.

Typically, supporters of this view deny that pure existence can be usefully characterized as " existence " at all: accordingly, a non-constructive proof is instead seen as " refuting the impossibility " of a mathematical object's existence, a strictly weaker statement.

Eugenie Scott, executive director of the National Center for Science Education, has dubbed this approach the " Gish Gallop ," describing it as " where the creationist is allowed to run on for 45 minutes or an hour, spewing forth torrents of error that the evolutionist hasn't a prayer of refuting in the format of a debate " and criticized Gish for failing to answer objections raised by his opponents.

Socrates confesses as they discuss this that his motive in refuting Critias is to examine himself, that he pursues the argument for his own sake ( 166c, d ).

It is an anthology by authors such as Robert Dick Wilson ( 1856 – 1930 ), Zane Clark Hodges ( 1932 – 2008 ) and others, who distinctly reject the " Textus Receptus only " / " KJV-Only " viewpoint and whose writings actually give some information refuting some of the extremes of the KJVO movement.

But unlike debate, which may seek a common ground between the two disputants, a polemic is intended only to establish the truth of a point of view while refuting the opposing point of view.

It is of critical importance in refuting cultural heterosexism because it shows that homosexuality is not developmentally inferior to heterosexuality.

This contrasts with the classical approach, which states that the existence of an entity can be proved by refuting its non-existence.

Of those gathered the most noted study refuting racial profiling was the conducted using the veil of darkness hypothesis stating that it will be difficult, if not impossible, for officers to discern race in the twilight hours.

" The aim of appeals to simplicity in such contexts seem to be more about shifting the burden of proof, and less about refuting the less simple theory outright.

Because numerous experiments agree with the predictions of quantum mechanical theory, and show correlations that are, according to Bell, greater than could be explained by local hidden variables, the experimental results have been taken by many as refuting the concept of local realism as an explanation of the physical phenomena under test.

I confirm this view not only by refuting Ptolemy's and Aristotle's arguments, but also by producing many for the other side, especially some pertaining to physical effects whose causes perhaps cannot be determined in any other way, and other astronomical discoveries ; these discoveries clearly confute the Ptolemaic system, and they agree admirably with this other position and confirm it.

In the context of refuting the claims of a contemporary in Yemen purporting to be the Messiah, Maimonides mentions Jesus again:

Both may be useful in determining or refuting a possible diagnosis.

Upon her refuting this charge by making known her sex, she was immediately accused of having violated the existing law, which second danger she escaped by the wives of the chief persons in Athens, whom she had attended, coming forward in her behalf, and succeeding at last in getting the law abolished ; women were thereafter allowed to practice medicine and to be paid a stipend for their service.

Melton also follows the argumentation of Lewis Carter and David Bromley and claims that as a result of their study, the treatment ( coerced or voluntary ) of former members as people in need of psychological assistance largely ceased and that an ( alleged ) lack of widespread need for psychological help by former members of new religions would in itself be the strongest evidence refuting early sweeping condemnations of new religions as causes of psychological trauma.

Amandala columnist Henry Gordon, refuting a statement by former Prime Minister Said Musa, laid out the boundaries under which national elections can be called in a recent article.

( 2003 ) indicates that: "( 1 ) there is an underlying unity of female lineages in India, indicating that the initial number of female settlers may have been small ; ( 2 ) the tribal and the caste populations are highly differentiated ; ( 3 ) the Austro-Asiatic tribals are the earliest settlers in India, providing support to one anthropological hypothesis while refuting some others ; ( 4 ) a major wave of humans entered India through the northeast ; ( 5 ) the Tibeto-Burman tribals share considerable genetic commonalities with the Austro-Asiatic tribals, supporting the hypothesis that they may have shared a common habitat in southern China, but the two groups of tribals can be differentiated on the basis of Y-chromosomal haplotypes ; ( 6 ) the Dravidian tribals were possibly widespread throughout India before the arrival of the Indo-European-speaking nomads, but retreated to southern India to avoid dominance ; ( 7 ) formation of populations by fission that resulted in founder and drift effects have left their imprints on the genetic structures of contemporary populations ; ( 8 ) the upper castes show closer genetic affinities with Central Asian populations, although those of southern India are more distant than those of northern India ; ( 9 ) historical gene flow into India has contributed to a considerable obliteration of genetic histories of contemporary populations so that there is at present no clear congruence of genetic and geographical or sociocultural affinities.

I am unable to accept that organising burglaries either for the purpose of identifying persons in Government offices hostile to the Scientologists, or for the purpose of gaining an advantage in litigation, or even for the wider purpose of refuting false allegations thus enabling a better image of the Church of Scientology to be projected to the public, comes anywhere near being an offence of a political character within the meaning of the Extradition Act.

Bahá ' u ' lláh wrote in the Kitáb-i-Badí '' that after reading prayers by Dayyán which showed a loyalty to God's Messengers and emphasized humility and servitude, Mírza Yahyá became very jealous and " determined to harm him ".< ref >< u > The Revelation of Bahá ' u ' lláh, Volume 1: Baghdád 1853-63 </ u >, Adib Taherzadeh, Oxford ,: George Ronald, 1974, p. 250 </ ref > Tensions were further raised when Dayyán wrote a letter refuting Mírza Yahyá's claim to be the Báb's successor even quoting the Báb to make his point.

A large portion of the letter is a response to these accusations and to refuting further arguments that Wood's coin could be beneficial to the Irish people.

Conder also seems to be refuting an unelaborated-upon statement that Aldworth was initiated after the formation of the Grand Lodge of Ireland.

Jean-Paul Sartre's more materialist and skeptical existentialism furthered this existentialist tenet by flatly refuting any metaphysical essence, any soul, and arguing instead that there is merely existence, with attributes as essence.

Where the Summa Theologiæ was written to explain the Christian faith to theology students, the Summa contra Gentiles is more apologetic in tone, as it was written to explain and defend the Christian truth in hostile situations against unbelievers, with arguments adapted to fit the intended circumstances of its use, each article refuting a certain heretical belief or proposition.

He does not present a united West Francia as a more basic political unit than the empire and is therefore seen by some historians as refuting the hypothesis that regional identities led to the breakup of the empire within Abbo's lifetime.