Arévalo's 1944 election is considered by historians the first fair and democratic election in Guatemala's republican history ; since independence from Spain, the country had seen a series of dictatorships.

Adams adapted these classical republican ideals of public oratory to America, viewing the multilevel political structure as ripe for " the renaissance of Demosthenic eloquence.

Although the veracity of these allegations is disputed, the Belgian Ministry of Justice accused him of it, subsequently arresting him, and he was forced to flee back to France, where, with a new republican government in power, he believed that he would be safe.

The republican theory also suggests that the Long Parliament would have been successful in these necessary reforms except through the forceful intervention of Oliver Cromwell ( and others ) in removing the loyalists party, the unlawful execution of King Charles II, later dissolving the Rump Parliament ; and finally the forceful dissolution of the reconvened Rump Parliament by Monck when less than a fourth of the required members were present.

Along with these initial republican revolts, early modern Europe also saw a great increase in monarchial power.

New states gained independence during this turmoil, and many of these, such as Ireland, Poland, Finland and Czechoslovakia, chose republican forms of government.

The commitment of most Americans to these republican values made the American Revolution inevitable.

* The Mexican government had invited settlers to Texas and promised them constitutional liberty and republican government, but then reneged on these guarantees.

Paine outlined " a new vision — a utopian image of an egalitarian republican society " and his language reflected these ideals.

: Two political Sects have arisen within the U. S. the one believing that the executive is the branch of our government which the most needs support ; the other that like the analogous branch in the English Government, it is already too strong for the republican parts of the Constitution ; and therefore in equivocal cases they incline to the legislative powers: the former of these are called federalists, sometimes aristocrats or monocrats, and sometimes tories, after the corresponding sect in the English Government of exactly the same definition: the latter are stiled republicans, whigs, jacobins, anarchists, disorganizers, etc.

The first of these powers was designed to " guarantee the republican form of government in the provinces.

In between all of these occasions, there were many times when Na Fianna was invited to provide colour-parties and contingents in various parts of the country to commemorate fallen republican soldiers.

Many republican demonstrations were held in these years to protest against internment and coercion.

Whilst the British security forces in Northern Ireland have provided support in the countering of both republican and loyalist paramilitary groups since the early 1970s, republican sources have often accused these forces of collusion with loyalists.

There was something in these complaints, and as a consequence the date of the general election for the first republican Reichstag was hastened and was fixed for the following June, while all attempts to change the method of election for the presidency of the Republic were abandoned.

In the Legislative Assembly, these represented a compact body of opinion which, though not as yet definitely republican, was considerably more advanced than the moderate royalism of the majority of the Parisian deputies.

One of these early, severe heads from the years 1769-70, influenced by Roman republican portraits, represents the well-known doctor Franz Anton Mesmer.

For the lists of the earliest, mythological rulers, both titles are conventionally translated in English as " Sovereigns " though individual rulers entitled either huang or di from this period are translated in English with the title " Emperor " as these early mythological histories aim to feature the sovereigns of the evolving polity of the Chinese state, tracking those states which can best be claimed in a roughly continuous chain of imperial primacy interspersed with several periods of disunity such as the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period, the Three Kingdoms Period, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, the republican Chinese Civil War and so on.

The party has published a number of newspapers throughout the years, with many of the theorists of the movement writing for these papers, after the 1970 split the Officials ' kept publishing the United Irishman ( the traditional newspaper of the republican movement ) monthly until May 1980.

He may have charged white Americans with the sin of turning " coloured people of these United States " into " the most degraded, wretched, and abject set of beings that ever lived since the world began ,", but as historian Sean Wilentz has argued, " even in his bitterest passages Walker did not repudiate ... republican principles, or his native country.

They had been associated with the Augustan rostra at one time, leading early researchers to conclude that the rostra represented in these illustrations was the same structure from the early republican period.

Nelson Mandela and other underground black resistance leaders tried to protest against the change of government to the new republican, Afrikaner-dominated system by planning a three-day general strike of non-white workers, but the government preemptively averted most of these plans through an extensive use of police force to persecute the dissenters.

: Two political Sects have arisen within the U. S. the one believing that the executive is the branch of our government which the most needs support ; the other that like the analogous branch in the English Government, it is already too strong for the republican parts of the Constitution ; and therefore in equivocal cases they incline to the legislative powers: the former of these are called federalists, sometimes aristocrats or monocrats, and sometimes tories, after the corresponding sect in the English Government of exactly the same definition: the latter are stiled republicans, whigs, jacobins, anarchists, disorganizers, etc.

Much of the unsurety involves the reserve powers of the sovereign ; the relationship between the various regions of the Realm of New Zealand presently sharing the same sovereign ( the absence of these matters from republican arguments having been criticised as a " self-centredness of republican discussions in New Zealand "); and effects on the relationship between the Crown and Māori, specifically, the continued legal status of the Treaty of Waitangi and its claims and settlements.

The president, aware that everything he did set a precedent, attended carefully to the pomp and ceremony of office, making sure that the titles and trappings were suitably republican and never emulated European royal courts.

The composer himself was influenced by the great events he witnessed, and the titles of some of his operas, such as La rosière républicaine and La fête de la raison, sufficiently indicate the epoch to which they belong ; but they are mere pièces de circonstance, and the republican enthusiasm displayed is not genuine.

Although the early Roman Emperors were careful to retain the facade of the republican institutions and to not formally adopt monarchical titles, the use of basileus amply illustrates that contemporaries clearly perceived that the Roman Empire was a monarchy in all but name.

Alternatively, a more idiomatic style may develop into an equally prestigious tradition of titles, because of the shining example of the original – thus various styles of Emperors trace back to the Roman Imperator ( strictly speaking a republican military honorific ), the family surname Caesar ( turned into an imperial title since Diocletian's Tetrarchy ).

The constitution also, like the 1922 constitution that preceded it, contained many provisions typical of those found in republican constitutions, stating, for example, that sovereignty resided in the people, and prohibiting the granting of titles of nobility.

To many Austrians, the abolition of nobility, its privileges and titles was and still is an important element of a democratic and republican state, where individuals are treated equally and thus should hold any titles of honour solely by their individual merit.

On 30 December 2007, King Michael designated Princess Margarita as heiress-presumptive to the throne with the titles of " Crown Princess of Romania " and " Custodian of the Romanian Crown " through an act which, during the republican form of government and in the absence of its approval by the Parliament, would be considered null and void.

Each diocese comprised several Roman provinces, now rather known as eparchy, each under the authority of a provincial governor ( see above ), of various ranks and carrying a series of titles, including republican relics such as Proconsul and novelties such as Corrector provinciae, Moderator Provinciae, Praeses provinciae Although the Vicarius's authority was supreme within his diocese, he was under the authoirty of Praetorian Prefect whose power he partook of ( see below ) or the Emperor himself.

Following World War II and the fall of Fascism, democratic Italy officially abolished titles and hereditary honours in its republican Constitution and ceased having an official governing body of nobility headed by the state.

In recent years, historians such as Harry Jaffa, Herman Belz, John Diggins, Vernon Burton and Eric Foner have stressed Lincoln's redefinition of republican values.

Beria was no easy man to defeat, and his ethnicisation policies ( that a local or republican leaders had to have ethnic origins, and speak the language of the given area ) proved to be a tool to strengthen the MVD's grip on local party organs.

Undoubtedly, David's artistic sensibility, mercurial temperament, volatile emotions, ardent enthusiasm, and fierce independence might have been expected to help turn him against the established order but they did not fully explain his devotion to the republican regime.

General Maxwell quickly signalled his intention " to arrest all dangerous Sinn Feiners ", including " those who have taken an active part in the movement although not in the present rebellion ", reflecting the popular belief that Sinn Féin, a separatist organisation that was neither militant nor republican, was behind the Rising.

The most natural leader to pick following this republican victory at the polls would have been Leon Gambetta.

The kind of republican government of which Rousseau approved was that of the city state, of which Geneva was a model, or would have been, if renewed on Rousseau's principles.

He argued that the issue was whether republican principles — " that the citizens of every distinct community or State should have the right to govern themselves in their domestic matters as they please " — would be honored.

It would have " secured to England and to the rest of the world the blessings of republican institutions, two centuries earlier than can now be expected.

The constituent states of the federation must also have a republican form of government based on a congressional system as established by their respective constitutions.

Concerning the differences and similarities in Machiavelli's advice to ruthless and tyrannical princes in The Prince and his more republican exhortations in Discourses on Livy, many have concluded that The Prince although written in the form of advice for a monarchical prince, contains arguments for the superiority of republican regimes, similar to those found in the Discourses.

Amoungst commentators who have not seen the work as ironic, many still agree that the Prince is republican to some extent.

Pocock, in the so-called " Cambridge School " of interpretation have been able to show that some of the republican themes in Machiavelli's political works, particularly the Discourses on Livy, can be found in medieval Italian literature which was influenced by classical authors such as Sallust.

Montesquieu included both democracies, where all the people have a share in rule, and aristocracies or oligarchies, where only some of the people rule, as republican forms of government.

Most often a republic is a sovereign state, but there are also subnational entities that are referred to as republics, or which have governments that are described as " republican " in nature.

The political philosophy of the classical republics have had a central influence on republican thought throughout the subsequent centuries.

Jefferson increasingly believed the problem was the traders and merchants who showed their lack of " republican virtue " by not complying and maintained until his death that had the embargo been lawfully observed by all US citizens it would have avoided war which after its repeal, three days before his term ended, soon followed in 1812.

A republican form of government is distinguished from a pure democracy, which the Founding Fathers wanted to avoid ; as James Madison wrote in Federalist No. 10, " Hence it is that such democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention ; have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property ; and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths.

* May 1 – Emperor Diocletian abdicates at age 60 and retires to his palace at Salona ( modern Split ) on the Adriatic coast after a reign of nearly 21 years in which the last vestiges of republican government have disappeared.

( 2 ) The decisions passed in consequence of the results produced by the republican referendum have supreme judicial power.