Writers of this class of science fiction have clearly in mind the assumptions that man can master the principles of this cause-and-effect universe and that such mastery will necessarily better the human lot.

On the other hand, the bright vision of the future has been directly stated in science fiction concerned with projecting ideal societies -- science fiction, of course, is related, if sometimes distantly, to that utopian literature optimistic about science, literature whose period of greatest vigor in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries produced Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward and H. G. Wells's A Modern Utopia.

In Arthur Clarke's Childhood's End ( 1953 ), though written after the present flood of dystopias began, we can see the bright vision of science fiction clearly defined.

Considering then the optimism which has permeated science fiction for so long, what is really remarkable is that during the last twelve years many science-fiction writers have turned about and attacked their own cherished vision of the future, have attacked the Childhood's End kind of faith that science and technology will inevitably better the human condition.

Because of the means of publication -- science-fiction magazines and cheap paperbacks -- and because dystopian science fiction is still appearing in quantity the full range and extent of this phenomenon can hardly be known, though one fact is evident: the science-fiction imagination has been immensely fertile in its extrapolations.

There is, of course, nothing new about dystopias, for they belong to a literary tradition which, including also the closely related satiric utopias, stretches from at least as far back as the eighteenth century and Swift's Gulliver's Travels to the twentieth century and Zamiatin's We, Capek's War With The Newts, Huxley's Brave New World, E. M. Forster's `` The Machine Stops '', C. S. Lewis's That Hideous Strength, and Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, and which in science fiction is represented before the present deluge as early as Wells's trilogy, The Time Machine, `` A Story Of The Days To Come '', and When The Sleeper Wakes, and as recently as Jack Williamson's `` With Folded Hands '' ( 1947 ), the classic story of men replaced by their own robots.

Not all recent science fiction, however, is dystopian, for the optimistic strain is still very much alive in Mission Of Gravity and Childhood's End, as we have seen, as well as in many other recent popular novels and stories like Fred Hoyle's The Black Cloud ( 1957 ) ; ;

and among works of dystopian science fiction, not all provide intelligent criticism and very few have much merit as literature -- but then real quality has always been scarce in science fiction.

`` The human ego being what it is '', I put in, `` science fiction has always assumed that the creatures on the planets of a thousand larger solar systems than ours must look like gigantic tube-nosed fruit bats.

It is not through space nor time that the time machine most approved by science fiction must travel for a visit to the permanent prehistoric past, or the ever-existent past-fantasy future.

Significantly, Huxley also worked for a time in the 1920s at the technologically advanced Brunner and Mond chemical plant in Billingham, Teesside, and the most recent introduction to his famous science fiction novel Brave New World ( 1932 ) states that this experience of " an ordered universe in a world of planless incoherence " was one source for the novel.

Until recently, androids have largely remained within the domain of science fiction, frequently seen in film and television.

The term " droid ", coined by George Lucas for the original Star Wars film and now used widely within science fiction, originated as an abridgment of " android ", but has been used by Lucas and others to mean any robot, including distinctly non-human form machines like R2-D2.

" The term made an impact into English pulp science fiction starting from Jack Williamson's The Cometeers ( 1936 ) and the distinction between mechanical robots and fleshy androids was popularized by Edmond Hamilton's Captain Future ( 1940 – 1944 ).

For example, Heinlein was the " dean of science fiction writers " because he was " the scientist " of science fiction.

* Frank Herbert, critically acclaimed, science fiction author of the best-selling science fiction novel of all time: Dune

Alfred Elton van Vogt ( April 26, 1912 – January 26, 2000 ) was a Canadian-born science fiction author regarded as one of the most popular and complex science fiction writers of the mid-twentieth century: the " Golden Age " of the genre.

On the other hand, when science fiction author Philip K. Dick was asked which science fiction writers had influenced his work the most, he replied:

* Chanakya ( c. 350-c. 275 BCE ), author of Arthashastra, professor ( acharya ) of political science at the Takshashila University

Jonathan Rosenberg, author / artist of the humorous science fiction webcomic Scenes from a Multiverse, references an ansible powered by a quantum-entangled ferret in the 2012-Jun-25 edition of the comic.

Ann Druyan ( born June 13, 1949 ) is an American author and producer specializing in productions about cosmology and popular science.

NASA's Advanced Automation for Space Missions study directly inspired the science fiction novel Code of the Lifemaker ( 1983 ) by author James P. Hogan.

Clark Ashton Smith ( 13 January 1893 – 14 August 1961 ) was a self-educated American poet, sculptor, painter and author of fantasy, horror and science fiction short stories.

* Ceres Storm, a 2000 science fiction novel by American author David Herter

Carl Edward Sagan (; November 9, 1934 – December 20, 1996 ) was an American astronomer, astrophysicist, cosmologist, author, science popularizer, and science communicator in astronomy and natural sciences.

Colin Kapp ( 1928 – 3 August 2007 ) was a British science fiction author.

Cordwainer Smith – pronounced CORDwainer – was the pseudonym used by American author Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger ( July 11, 1913 – August 6, 1966 ) for his science fiction works.

The term " cyberspace " was first used by the cyberpunk science fiction author William Gibson, though the concept was described somewhat earlier, for example in the Vernor Vinge short story " True Names ," and even earlier in John M. Ford's novel, Web of Angels.

The word " cyberspace " ( from cybernetics and space ) was coined by science fiction novelist and seminal cyberpunk author William Gibson in his 1982 story " Burning Chrome " and popularized by his 1984 novel Neuromancer.

In addition to his writings on computer science, Knuth, a Lutheran, is also the author of 3: 16 Bible Texts Illuminated, in which he examines the Bible by a process of systematic sampling, namely an analysis of chapter 3, verse 16 of each book.

* 1954 – Emma Bull, American science fiction and fantasy author

Dan Simmons ( born April 4, 1948 ) is an American author most widely known for his Hugo Award-winning science fiction series, known as the Hyperion Cantos, and for his Locus-winning Ilium / Olympos cycle.

Eventually the term " Finagle's law " was popularized by science fiction author Larry Niven in several stories depicting a frontier culture of asteroid miners ; this " Belter " culture professed a religion and / or running joke involving the worship of the dread god Finagle and his mad prophet Murphy.

* 2012 – Jaroslav Velinský, Czech science fiction and detective author ( b. 1932 )

* 1945 – William Sleator, American science fiction author

* 1920 – Daniel F. Galouye, science fiction author ( d. 1976 )

Writer George Bernard Shaw claimed to have read the complete 9th edition — except for the science articles — and Richard Evelyn Byrd took the Britannica as reading material for his five-month stay at the South Pole in 1934, while Philip Beaver read it during a sailing expedition.

Thacker also noted that Milloy was receiving almost $ 100, 000 a year in consulting fees from Philip Morris while he criticized the evidence regarding the hazards of second-hand smoke as " junk science ".

The goal of the Whitecoat Project, as conceived by Philip Morris and other tobacco companies, was to use ostensibly independent " scientific consultants " to spread doubt in the public mind about scientific data through the use of terms such as " junk science ".

As a footnote, Lord Peter Wimsey has also been included by the science fiction writer Philip José Farmer as a member of the Wold Newton family ; and Laurie R. King's detective character Mary Russell meets up with Lord Peter at a party in the novel A Letter of Mary.

The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch is a 1965 novel by US science fiction writer Philip K. Dick.

Ubik ( ) is a 1969 science fiction novel by American writer Philip K. Dick.

is a science fiction novel by American writer Philip K. Dick.

The Philip K. Dick Award is a science fiction award given annually at Norwescon sponsored by the Philadelphia Science Fiction Society and ( since 2005 ) supported by the Philip K. Dick Trust, and named after science fiction and fantasy writer Philip K. Dick.

A focus on studying political behavior, rather than institutions or interpretation of legal texts, characterized early behavioral political science, including work by Robert Dahl, Philip Converse, and in the collaboration between sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld and public opinion scholar Bernard Berelson.

Philip Henry Gosse ( 6 April 1810 – 23 August 1888 ) was an English naturalist and popularizer of natural science, virtually the inventor of the seawater aquarium, and a painstaking innovator in the study of marine biology.

* Philip K. Dick, science fiction writer

* A Scanner Darkly, a science fiction novel by Philip K. Dick

New Wave writers began to look outside the traditional scope of science fiction for influence, and many looked to the example of beat writer William S. Burroughs, to the point where New Wave authors Philip José Farmer and Barrington J. Bayley wrote pastiches of his work (" The Jungle Rot Kid on the Nod " and " The Four Colour Problem ", respectively ) and J. G. Ballard published an admiring essay in an issue of New Worlds.

In 1836 Alexander Veltman published Predki Kalimerosa: Aleksandr Filippovich Makedonskii ( The forebears of Kalimeros: Alexander, son of Philip of Macedon ), which has been called the first original Russian science fiction novel and the first novel to use time travel.

For its science students, USC operates the Wrigley Institute for Environmental Studies located on Catalina Island just off the coast of Los Angeles and home to the Philip K. Wrigley Marine Science Center.

Tolkien, by science fiction writers like Philip K. Dick, by central figures of Western literature like Leo Tolstoy, Virgil and The Brontë sisters, and including feminist writers like Virginia Woolf, by children's literature like Alice in Wonderland, The Wind in the Willows and The Jungle Book, by Norse mythology, and by books from the Eastern tradition such as the Tao Te Ching.

She attended Berkeley High School with science fiction writer Philip K. Dick.

* Cameos in the film include science fiction and film industry personalities ( Forrest J. Ackerman, Angelique Pettyjohn, Ward Kimball, Will Ryan ), as well as actual " Big Name " stars ( composer John Massari, a pre -" Miami Vice " Philip Michael Thomas ).