Paolo Sarpi, as spokesman for the Republic of Venice, protested against the papal interdict, and reasserted the principles of the Council of Constance and of the Council of Basel, denying the pope's authority in secular matters.

This proposal met the opposition of the Pope for it gave recognition to Protestants and also elevated the secular Princes of Europe above the clergy on church matters.

The King was recognized as having the right to invest bishops with secular authority (" by the lance ") in the territories they governed, but not with sacred authority (" by ring and staff "); the result was that bishops owed allegiance in worldly matters both to the pope and to the king, for they were obligated to affirm the right of the sovereign to call upon them for military support, under his oath of fealty.

Highly influential because of his prolific writing, Mather was a force to be reckoned with in secular, as well as in spiritual, matters.

Diana therefore reflects the heavenly world ( diuum means sky or open air ) in its sovereignty, supremacy, impassibility, and indifference towards such secular matters as the fates of mortals and states.

His reforms were confined mainly to uniting the almost vacant monasteries and to matters of economic management, the control of the property being entrusted in most cases to the secular authorities.

The sixth Conclusion states that officials of the Church should not concern themselves with secular matters when they hold a position of power within the Church because this constitutes a conflict of interest between matters of the spirit and matters of the State.

Innocent, therefore, had no objection to intervening in purely secular matters.

The papal preoccupation with imperial matters and secular princes caused the spirituality of the Church to suffer.

Sharia deals with many topics addressed by secular law, including crime, politics, and economics, as well as personal matters such as sexual intercourse, hygiene, diet, prayer, and fasting.

By the end of the century, at least a third of England's bishops also act as royal judges in secular matters.

* November 16 – Roman Catholic Archbishop of the See of Spalato and Primate of Dalmatia, Marco Antonio de Dominis, having run afoul of Pope Paul V over secular matters relating to Venice, submits to King James I of England and later becomes Dean of Windsor.

The conflict between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor was fundamentally a dispute over which of them was the leader of Christendom in secular matters.

It was here that Catherine could find the latest trends, not only in religious matters, but in less weighty secular matters such as fashion and jewellery.

Administration of spiritual and political matters was done by the same people in the same place, so little need for representative secular buildings arose.

Prior to the Code of Canon Law of 1983, the Catholic Church expected in rare cases ( known as excommunication vitandi ) the faithful to shun an excommunicated member in secular matters.

Regardless of interpretation of Cynehelm's legend, there does appear to have been dynastic discord early in Ceolwulf's reign: a document from 825 says that after the death of Coenwulf " much discord and innumerable disagreements arose between various kings, nobles, bishops and ministers of the Church of God on very many matters of secular business ".

Barthel recorded that, " The Islanders had another writing ( the so-called ' ta ‘ u script ') which recorded their annals and other secular matters, but this has disappeared.

In more secular matters, he granted the town of Bishop's Lynn ( now King's Lynn ) the right to hold a weekly market and two fairs per year.

Symeon of Durham stated that St-Calais was chosen as a bishop for this reason, describing him as " very well versed in sacred and secular learning, very conscientious in matters of divine and worldly business, and so remarkable for good conduct that he had no equal amongst his contemporaries ".

Sharia deals with many topics addressed by secular law, including crime, politics and economics, as well as personal matters such as sexual intercourse, hygiene, diet, prayer, and fasting.

The more popular Godfrey did not hesitate like Raymond, and accepted a position as secular leader.

Handler was born in New York City to secular Jewish parents, the son of Enid Irene, a mental health administrator, and Murry Raymond Handler, an agency owner and advertising designer.

The worldly excesses of the secular Renaissance Church, epitomized by the era of Alexander VI ( 1492 – 1503 ), intensified during the Reformation under Pope Leo X ( 1513 – 1522 ), whose campaign to raise funds in the German states to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica by supporting use of indulgences served as a key impetus for Martin Luther's 95 Theses.

Tarasios had embarked on a career in the secular administration and had attained the rank of senator, eventually becoming imperial secretary ( asekretis ) to the Emperor Constantine VI and his mother, the Empress Irene.

Johannes VI Ambundii, Archbishopric of Riga 1418-1424, secular name Johannes Ambundii de Swan, also Abundi, Ambundij, Habundi, Habendi, Habindi, Almanni and ~ von Schwan ( born 1384-died on June 16, 1424 ) was a German ecclesiastic.

Pope Pius VI ( 1789 ) and Queen Mary I reformed the order into a secular institution.

Of monastic remains the most important are those of the great Benedictine abbey of Bury St Edmunds ; the college of Clare, originally a cell to Bec Abbey in Normandy and afterwards to St Peters Westminster, converted into a college of secular canons in the reign of Henry VI, still retaining much of its ancient architecture, and now used as a boarding-school ; the Decorated gateway of the Augustinian order priory of Butley ; and the remains of the Grey Friars monastery at Dunwich.

In 1764 he was created professor of mathematics in the palatine schools at Milan, and obtained from Pope Pius VI the release from ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and authority to become a secular priest.

Pope Alexander VI was embroiled in a power game with France and various Italian states over his attempts to secure secular fiefdoms for his children.

This decree was later reaffirmed by the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215, the Synod of Toulouse in 1229, and numerous spiritual and secular leaders through the 17th century.

After Sher Shah's death, his son Islam Shah Suri and the Hindu king Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, who had won 22 battles against Afghan rebels and forces of Akbar, from Punjab to Bengal and had established a secular Hindu rule in North India from Delhi till 1556.

His ancestry was Ashkenazi Jewish, with his paternal line having supplied the rabbis of Trier since 1723, a role that had been taken up by his own grandfather, Meier Halevi Marx ; Meier's son and Karl's father would be the first in the line to receive a secular education.

He was a Roman, son of Benedictus de Suburra, probably of the family of Demetri, and became a secular clerk.

Gush Emunim's beliefs were based heavily on the teachings of Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook and his son, Rabbi Tzvi Yehuda Kook, who taught that secular Zionists, through their conquests of Eretz Israel, had unwittingly brought about the beginning of the Messianic age, which would culminate in the coming of the messiah, which Gush Emunim supporters believe can be hastened through Jewish settlement on land they believe God has allotted to the Jewish people as set forth in the Hebrew Bible.

So, Cetinje turned out to be not only the center of secular life but also the spiritual center where Đurađ Crnojević, the son to Ivan Crnojević, founded the first printing house in the Slavic South.

Sometime later, Wen-Ke's son also left secular life to become a monk.

Born in Paris, the son of a secular Jewish lawyer, Aron studied at the École Normale Supérieure, where he met Jean-Paul Sartre, who became his friend and lifelong intellectual opponent.

Grundtvig's secular poetical works were published in a nine-volume edition, the first seven volumes by his second son, the philologist Svend Hersleb Grundtvig.

In later years, as his son built what was to become Saudi Arabia, Abdul Rahman was styled Imam and considered the spiritual leader of the country, while Abdulaziz held secular and military authority.

He ruled Hejaz until 1924, when, defeated by Abdul Aziz al Saud, he abdicated the kingdom and other secular titles to his eldest son Ali.

He was born in Schippenbeil, East Prussia, the son of an orthodox rabbi, and in early life was exposed to both the classic Talmudic education and to the secular learning of the Realgymnasium of Würzburg, Bavaria.

MacEoin notes that Subh-i-Azal appointed his son, Yahya Dawlatabadi, as his successor, but notes that there is little evidence that Yahya Dawlatabadi was involved in the affairs of the religion, and that instead he spent his time as that of secular reformer.

In 1924, however, in the face of increasing attacks by Ibn Saud, Hussein abdicated his secular titles to his eldest son, Ali bin Hussein, who was to become the last Grand Sharif.

Scott: Rhodes scholar, son of an archdeacon ; Eugene Forsey: Rhodes scholar, son of a Methodist clergyman ; Eric A. Havelock: respected economist, Christian Socialist ; David Lewis: Rhodes scholar, a secular Jew, but deeply influenced by the Social Gospel and the Jewish Labour Movement.

Dunkeld ( Duncalden and variants in early documents ) is said to have been ' founded ' or ' built ' by Caustantín son of Fergus, king of the Picts ( d. 820 ), this foundation likely referring to one of an ecclesiastical nature on a site already of secular importance.

Henry of Huntingdon ( c. 1088 – c. 1154 ), the son of a canon in the diocese of Lincoln, was a 12th century English historian, the author of a history of England, Historia anglorum, " the most important Anglo-Norman historian to emerge from the secular clergy ".

Some of Berl Broder's original songs, along with the works of his son and grandson who continued the tradition of secular Yiddish writing, can be found in his grandson Ber Margulies ' book Dray doyres ̀ lider fun Berl Broder ( Margulies ), feliṭonen fun Yom Hatsyoni ( Yitsḥaḳ Margulies ), poemen un lider fun Ber Margulies ( 1957 ) ( free online download from the Yiddish Book Center ).

The son of Rabbi Leo Wise, a school-teacher, Isaac received his early Hebrew education from his father and grandfather, later continuing his Hebrew and secular studies in Prague.

This book explores conflicting traditions ( in this case the tradition of Judaism and the tradition of art ), father versus son, contentedness with one's life versus peace in the family ( the Jewish value of " shalom bayit "), the traditional Jewish world versus secular America.

Among others, the manuscript collection discusses the well-known life-story of Alexander the Great, the son of Philip II, king of Macedon, who lived in the 4th century BC, and subjects classified as secular Middle Ages literature, including the Southern Slavic literature.

Chaim Grade, the son of Shlomo Mordecai Grade, a Hebrew teacher and maskil ( advocate of the European Enlightenment ), received a secular as well as Jewish religious education.

He began reading secular literature and learning foreign languages, and he befriended some of the leading Enlightenment figures of the time, including Kalman Shulman, the poet Abraham Dob Bär Lebensohn and his son Micah Joseph Lebensohn.

Francis Sheehy-Skeffington was survived by his wife, Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington who became increasingly nationalist-minded and his son ( then aged 7 ) Owen Sheehy-Skeffington, who attended the secular Sandford Park School with his cousin Conor Cruise O ' Brien, ( because Hanna refused to send her son to any school with a pro-Treaty ethos ,) and eventually played a moderate role in Irish politics.