In practice an analog signal is subject to electronic noise and distortion introduced by communication channels and signal processing operations, which can progressively degrade the signal-to-noise ratio.

Therefore as analog signal processing systems become more complex, they may ultimately degrade signal resolution to such an extent that their performance is surpassed by digital systems.

* Analog signal processing

* Analog signal processing, processing electronic signals that represent continuous variables by use of analog circuitry

Audio signal processing, sometimes referred to as audio processing, is the intentional alteration of auditory signals, or sound, often through an audio effect or effects unit.

As audio signals may be electronically represented in either digital or analog format, signal processing may occur in either domain.

Analog signal processing ( ASP ) then involves physically altering the continuous signal by changing the voltage or current or charge via various electrical means.

Since that time, as computers and software became more advanced, digital signal processing has become the method of choice.

This permits signal processing using digital circuits such as microprocessors and computers.

Although such a conversion can be prone to loss, most modern audio systems use this approach as the techniques of digital signal processing are much more powerful and efficient than analog domain signal processing.

Here a musical signal is tuned to the correct pitch using digital signal processing techniques.

It is often used in signal processing for analyzing functions or series of values, such as time domain signals.

* In signal processing, autocorrelation can give information about repeating events like musical beats ( for example, to determine tempo ) or pulsar frequencies, though it cannot tell the position in time of the beat.

Signal processing would be applied to determine the direction of maximum illumination and so develop a signal to steer the antenna toward the target.

Bandwidth in hertz is a central concept in many fields, including electronics, information theory, digital communications, radio communications, signal processing, and spectroscopy.

In many signal processing contexts, bandwidth is a valuable and limited resource.

In most cases this is accurate, and the group velocity can be thought of as the signal velocity of the waveform.

Malenkov pressed a button on his desk as the pre-arranged signal to Marshal Georgy Zhukov and a group of armed officers in a nearby room.

This surface modulation allows cell collectives to effectively " signal " as the group aggregates, which helps govern morphogenesis.

In abstract algebra, the symmetry group of an object ( image, signal, etc.

Where natural language speakers use words or clitics to signal generalizations, language analysts define what they call variables that range over any element of the set of members of a group — the domain.

Histidine-specific protein kinases are structurally distinct from other protein kinases and are found in prokaryotes, fungi, and plants as part of a two-component signal transduction mechanism: a phosphate group from ATP is first added to a histidine residue within the kinase, then transferred to an aspartate residue on a receiver domain on a different protein or the kinase itself, thus activating the aspartate residue.

Once the probes are connected, the user programs the analyzer with the names of each signal, and can group several signals together for easier manipulation.

Variations in group delay cause signal distortion, just as deviations from linear phase cause distortion.

The measured group delay of a signal through an optical fiber exhibits a wavelength dependence due to the various dispersion mechanisms present in the fiber.

It is often desirable for the group delay to be constant across all frequencies ; otherwise there is temporal smearing of the signal.

Many components of an audio reproduction chain, notably loudspeakers and multiway loudspeaker crossover networks, introduce group delay in the audio signal.

where is the signal mean or expected value and is the standard deviation of the noise, or an estimate thereof .< ref group =" note "> The exact methods may vary between fields.

In telecommunications, serial transmission is the sequential transmission of signal elements of a group representing a character or other entity of data.

Clusters amplify the signal of aposematic coloration, and individuals may participate in group regurgitation or displays.

Interpreting Jervis ' signal loosely, and disobeying previous orders, Nelson gave orders to Captain Ralph Miller to wear ship and to take Captain out of line while engaging the smaller group.

4B3T converts each group of 4 data bits into 3 " ternary " line signal states ( 3 symbols ).

Due to group and phase delay the audio signal itself creates a variable amount of self-bias.

A platoon is a group of vehicles travelling in proximity, such as a green wave released by an arterial traffic signal changing from red to green.

Rather it was the culmination of a group of individuals each having expertise in specific disciplines including but not limited to system engineering, operational analysis, cost benefit analysis, message standards, software development, communications, signal processing, vulnerability analysis, error detection and correction, antenna design, multipath analysis, electromagnetic compatibility mechanical engineering, navigation, specification generation and others.

The practice of corking roads in order to pass through red lights as a group is in contravention of traffic laws in some jurisdictions and is sometimes criticized to be contrary to Critical Mass ' claim that " we are traffic ", since ordinary traffic does not have the right to go through intersections once the traffic signal has changed to red.

Users of the term group entity effectively signal a critical view of group actions and skepticism of positive claims for human group achievements, usually preferring to attribute group success to underlying individual leadership and relationships.

* flanger-to create an unusual sound, a delayed signal is added to the original signal with a continuously variable delay ( usually smaller than 10 ms ).

* chorus-a delayed signal is added to the original signal with a constant delay.

If the delay is too short, it will destructively interfere with the un-delayed signal and create a flanging effect.

* reverse echo-a swelling effect created by reversing an audio signal and recording echo and / or delay whilst the signal runs in reverse.

In setting the clock period to a value well above the worst-case propagation delay, it is possible to design the entire CPU and the way it moves data around the " edges " of the rising and falling clock signal.

An N < sup > th </ sup > order FIR filter can be implemented in a discrete time system using a computer program or specialized hardware in which the input signal is subject to N delay stages.

Audio latency is the delay between when an audio signal enters and when it emerges from a system.

The secondary stations receive this pulse signal from the primary, then wait a preset number of milliseconds, known as the secondary coding delay, to transmit a response signal.

In a given chain, each secondary's coding delay is different, allowing for separate identification of each secondary's signal.

The modulation index riding on the receive signal is proportional to the time delay between the radar and the reflector.

But if the delay of the output ( relative to the input ) is bounded during a process that operates over an unlimited time, then that signal processing algorithm is real-time, even if the throughput delay may be very long.

Analog discrete-time signal processing is a technology based on electronic devices such as sample and hold circuits, analog time-division multiplexers, analog delay lines and analog feedback shift registers.

Such systems may or may not issue a system blocking signal to apprise the calling party of the access delay.

* Propagation delay, a measurement of the time for a signal to reach its destination

In telecommunications, delay encoding is the encoding of binary data to form a two-level signal where ( a ) a " 0 " causes no change of signal level unless it is followed by another " 0 " in which case a transition to the other level takes place at the end of the first bit period ; and ( b ) a " 1 " causes a transition from one level to the other in the middle of the bit period.

* Analog delay line, used to delay a signal

If F is a linear function, for instance a filter whose gain and / or delay varies with frequency, then the signal will experience linear distortion.