There is one test based on " Brazil law twinning " ( a form of quartz twinning where right and left hand quartz structures are combined in a single crystal ) which can be used to identify synthetic amethyst rather easily.

The largest documented single crystal of amblygonite measured 7. 62x2. 44x1. 83 m < sup > 3 </ sup > and weighed ~ 102 tons.

Silicon carbide single crystal

Microscopically, a single crystal has atoms in a near-perfect Periodic function | periodic arrangement ; a polycrystal is composed of many microscopic crystals ( called " crystallite s " or " grains "); and an amorphous solid ( such as glass ) has no periodic arrangement even microscopically.

A single snowflake is typically a single crystal, while an ice cube is a polycrystal.

It can form a single crystal, perhaps with various possible phases, stoichiometries, impurities, defects, and habits.

The advantages of electron diffraction over X-ray crystallography are that the specimen need not be a single crystal or even a polycrystalline powder, and also that the Fourier transform reconstruction of the object's magnified structure occurs physically and thus avoids the need for solving the phase problem faced by the X-ray crystallographers after obtaining their X-ray diffraction patterns of a single crystal or polycrystalline powder.

Most FETs are made with conventional bulk semiconductor processing techniques, using a single crystal semiconductor wafer as the active region, or channel.

* Crystallite or " grain " in metallurgy, a single crystal inside solid-state matter

The HIC detected heavy ions using stacks of single crystal silicon wafers.

The largest documented single crystal of kernite measured 2. 44x0. 9x0. 9 m < sup > 3 </ sup > and weighed ~ 3. 8 tons.

However some techniques, such as the use of boundaries or an applied electric field, can be used to enforce a single ordered domain in a macroscopic liquid crystal sample.

For example, when a thin polymer coating ( usually a polyimide ) is spread on a glass substrate and rubbed in a single direction with a cloth, it is observed that liquid crystal molecules in contact with that surface align with the rubbing direction.

Some single crystal materials, such as silicon, will have different etching rates depending on the crystallographic orientation of the substrate.

For extremely high temperatures, single crystal alloys are used to minimize creep.

Metals take the delocalization principle to its extreme and one could say that a crystal of a metal represents a single molecule over which all conduction electrons are delocalized in all three dimensions.

Like a DLP chip, LCoS is a microchip of similar size, but rather than millions of individual mirrors, there is a single mirror that is actively shielded by a liquid crystal matrix with up to millions of pixels.

The largest documented single crystal of mica ( phlogopite ) was found in Lacey mine, Ontario, Canada ; it measured 10 × 4. 3 × 4. 3 m and weighed about 330 tonnes.

* Crystallography is an unambiguous method for determining molecular geometry, the proviso being that single crystals of the material must be available and the crystal must be representative of the sample.

The alpha form is the only known example of a simple cubic crystal structure in a single atom basis, with an edge length of 335. 2 picometers ; the beta form is rhombohedral.

Jury, judge and executioner were riding the range in the form of a single unknown figure that could materialize anywhere, at any time, to dispense an ancient brand of justice the men of the new West had believed long outdated.

Two very useful ways for modifying a form-dictionary are the addition to the dictionary of complete paradigms rather than single forms and the application of a single change to more than one dictionary form.

He proposed that each element consists of atoms of a single, unique type, and that these atoms can join together to form chemical compounds.

An atom of any other element ionized down to a single electron is very similar to hydrogen, and the orbitals take the same form.

The Andaman Islands form a single administrative district within the Union Territory, the Andaman district ( the Nicobar Islands were separated and established as the new Nicobar district in 1974 ).

The cases were put by the litigants themselves in the form of an exchange of single speeches timed by water clock, first prosecutor then defendant.

Many fundamental questions of craftsmanship versus mass production, the relationship of usefulness and beauty, the practical purpose of formal beauty in a commonplace object, and whether or not a single proper form could exist, were argued out among its 1, 870 members ( by 1914 ).

The Baltic languages are generally thought to form a single family with two branches, Eastern and Western.

Since the second half of the 20th century most scholars have agreed with Martin Noth's thesis that the books of Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings form parts of a single work.

According to F. W. Dobbs-Allsopp, " the widely observed unity of form and point of view ... and general resemblance in linguistic detail throughout the sequence are broadly suggestive of the work of a single author ," though other scholars see Lamentations as the work of multiple authors.

Most pop standard and jazz ballads are built from a single, introductory verse ; usually around 16 bars in length, and ending on the dominant ; the chorus or refrain, usually it is 16 or 32 bars long, and in AABA form ( though other forms such as ABAC are not uncommon ).

At the time of Jesus, there was no single, coherent form or order within Second Temple Judaism, and significant political, social and religious differences existed among the Jews.

However, the law of mass action is valid only for concerted one-step reactions that proceed through a single transition state and is not valid in general because rate equations do not, in general, follow the stoichiometry of the reaction as Guldberg and Waage had proposed ( see, for example, nucleophilic aliphatic substitution by S < sub > N </ sub > 1 or reaction of hydrogen and bromine to form hydrogen bromide ).

Both micro and macroeconomics work together to form a single set of evolving rules and regulations.

The EU's budget ( which is around 116. 4 billion euro ) is subject to a form of the ordinary legislative procedure with a single reading giving Parliament power over the entire budget ( prior to 2009, its influence was limited to certain areas ) on an equal footing to the Council.

In 1916, chemist Gilbert N. Lewis developed the concept of the electron-pair bond, in which two atoms may share one to six electrons, thus forming the single electron bond, a single bond, a double bond, or a triple bond ; in Lewis's own words, " An electron may form a part of the shell of two different atoms and cannot be said to belong to either one exclusively.

In Germany, the coalitions rarely consist of more than two parties ( where CDU and CSU, two non-competing parties which always form a single caucus, are in this regard considered a single party ).

A single compact set is sometimes referred to as a compactum ; following the Latin second declension ( neuter ), the corresponding plural form is compacta.

( Indeed, every production of a context free grammar is of the form V → w where V is a single nonterminal symbol, and w is a string of terminals and / or nonterminals ( w can be empty )).

* Every pair of congruence relations for an unknown integer x, of the form x ≡ k ( mod a ) and x ≡ l ( mod b ), has a solution, as stated by the Chinese remainder theorem ; in fact the solutions are described by a single congruence relation modulo ab.

On personal computers and small workstations, the CPU is housed in a single silicon chip called a microprocessor.

When the processors and their interconnect are all implemented on a single silicon chip, the technology is known as a multi-core microprocessor.

The technology stacks several ( three or four ) active FPGA dice side-by-side on a silicon interposer – a single piece of silicon that carries passive interconnect.

A research team led by Australian engineers has created the first working " quantum bit " based on a single atom in silicon, invoking the same technological platform that forms the building blocks of modern day computers, laptops and phones.

The electrical resistance of single crystal silicon significantly changes under the application of mechanical stress due to the piezoresistive effect.

From here the idea of integrating all components on a single silicon wafer came into existence and which led to development in small-scale integration ( SSI ) in the early 1960s, medium-scale integration ( MSI ) in the late 1960s, and large-scale integration ( LSI ) and VLSI in the 1970s and 1980s with tens of thousands of transistors on a single chip ( later hundreds of thousands, then millions, and now billions )

* In February 2012, a research team at the University of New South Wales announced the development of the first working transistor consisting of a single atom placed precisely in a silicon crystal ( not just picked from a large sample of random transistors ).

In 2007 DARPA researchers announced a 16 element phased array integrated with all necessary circuits to send at 30 – 50 GHz on a single silicon chip for military purposes.

A true silicone group with a double bond between oxygen and silicon does not commonly exist in nature ; chemists find that the silicon atom usually forms single bonds with each of two oxygen atoms, rather than a double bond to a single atom.

High quality single crystals of ultrapure silicon are routinely made for the electronics industry, and the measurement of the molar volume of silicon, both by X-ray crystallography and by the ratio of molar mass to mass density, has attracted much attention since the pioneering work at NIST by Deslattes et al.

As soon as he joined the Intel MOS Department he created a new random design methodology based on silicon gate, and contributed many technology and circuit design inventions that enabled a single chip microprocessor to become a reality for the first time.

) Thus the " saturation " voltage of a Darlington transistor is one V < sub > BE </ sub > ( about 0. 65 V in silicon ) higher than a single transistor saturation voltage, which is typically 0. 1-0. 2 V in silicon.

In solar cells float zone processing is particularly useful because the single crystal silicon grown has desirable properties.

The Czochralski process is a method of crystal growth used to obtain single crystals of semiconductors ( e. g. silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide ), metals ( e. g. palladium, platinum, silver, gold ), salts, and synthetic gemstones.

The most important application may be the growth of large cylindrical ingots, or boules, of single crystal silicon.