In addition to the basic programs in wavelength standards, spectroscopy, solid state physics, interactions of the free electron and atomic constants which are necessary to provide the foundation for technological progress, the Bureau has strengthened its activities in laboratory astrophysics.

The programs in infrared spectroscopy are undergoing reorientation toward wavelength standards in the far infrared, the application of infrared techniques to solid state studies, and increased emphasis on high resolution instrumentation.

We are initiating research on the use of solid state materials for infrared detection using a method which will not require cooling of materials to attain high sensitivity.

It is not concerned with the formation of molecules ( although much of the physics is identical ), nor does it examine atoms in a solid state as condensed matter.

Allotropy refers only to different forms of an element within the same phase ( i. e. different solid, liquid or gas forms ); the changes of state between solid, liquid and gas in themselves are not considered allotropy.

Conversely, some elements do not maintain distinct allotropes in different phases – for example phosphorus has numerous solid allotropes, which all revert to the same P < sub > 4 </ sub > form when melted to the liquid state.

Some researchers state that the evidence-based approach to defining CAM is problematic because some CAM is tested, and research suggests that many mainstream medical techniques lack solid evidence.

Photomultiplier tubes are the most frequently used detectors in LS AAS, although solid state detectors might be preferred because of their better signal-to-noise ratio.

), Optional overlapped and queued command set features, Host Protected Area ( HPA ), CompactFlash Association ( CFA ) feature set for solid state drives || NCITS 317-1998

They show no signs of slag or metal prills suggesting that zinc minerals were heated to produce zinc vapor which reacted with metallic copper in a solid state reaction.

However the cementation process was not abandoned and as late as the early 19th century there are descriptions of solid state cementation in a domed furnace at around 900 – 950 ° C and lasting up to 10 hours.

Another commonly used basic distinction among the elements is their state of matter ( phase ), solid, liquid, or gas, at a selected standard temperature and pressure ( STP ).

This means that they were at first fragmental rocks like limestone, shale and sandstone and have never been in a molten condition nor entirely in solution, but the high temperature and pressure conditions of metamorphism have acted on them by erasing their original structures and inducing recrystallization in the solid state.

Computational chemical methods can be applied to solid state physics problems.

* Quantum chemistry and solid state physics software supporting several methods.

The first solid state electronic calculator was created in the 1960s, building on the extensive history of tools such as the abacus, developed around 2000 BC ; and the mechanical calculator, developed in the 17th century.

The Compactron is a 12-pin vacuum tube family introduced in 1961 by General Electric in Owensboro, Kentucky to compete with transistorized electronics during the solid state transition.

Although the crystal semiconductor diode was popular before the thermionic diode, thermionic ( vacuum tube ) diodes and solid state ( semiconductor ) diodes were developed in parallel.

It was surrounded by the necessary support driver read-write-rewrite circuitry and epitomized the state of the art of core memory, soon to be replaced by solid state memory.

For example, quantum mechanics and solid state physics might be relevant to an engineer working on VLSI ( the design of integrated circuits ), but are largely irrelevant to engineers working with macroscopic electrical systems.

Like the elementary charge on which it is based, it is not an independent quantity but is equal to ( 1 J / C )( 2 h α / μ < sub > 0 </ sub > c < sub > 0 </ sub >)< sup > 0. 5 </ sup > It is a common unit of energy within physics, widely used in solid state, atomic, nuclear, and particle physics.

The metal of the anode will oxidize, going from an oxidation state of 0 ( in the solid form ) to a positive oxidation state and become an ion.

The study of semiconductor devices and related technology is considered a branch of solid state physics, whereas the design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems come under electronics engineering.

* Solid state ( electronics ), circuits built of solid materials

With the invention of transistors at Bell labs, in 1947, the field of electronics got a new direction which shifted from power consuming vacuum tubes to solid state devices.

In the Vietnam War, firing the gun often adversely affected the delicate electronics, which were at the early stages of the transition to solid state devices, so the missile and its guidance system was omitted from vehicles deployed to Vietnam.

Since the invention of the “ solid state ” transistor in the 1950s and the TTL ( transistor-transistor logic ) that led to the development of the IC ( integrated circuit ) in the 1960s the growth in the field of electronics has been phenomenal.

By around 1977, most pinball machines in production switched to using solid state electronics for both operation and scoring.

ESD can cause a range of harmful effects, including methane gas and coal dust explosions, as well as failure of solid state electronics components such as integrated circuits.

The electrical properties of silicon and germanium, in particular, enabled the establishment of the semiconductor industry in the 1950s and the development of solid state electronics from the early 60s onwards.

In the amplification stage, both solid state and vacuum-tube electronics remain popular, even though vacuum-tube amplifiers have been alleged to have higher total harmonic distortion, require rebiasing, be less reliable, generate more heat, be less powerful, and cost more.

Before the advent of solid state electronics, camshaft controllers were used to control the speed of electric motors.

Fairchild MOS Division was slow in understanding the potential of the SGT which promised not only faster, more reliable, and denser circuits, but also new device types that could enlarge the field of solid state electronics — for example, CCDs for image sensors, dynamic RAMs, and non-volatile memory devices such as EPROM and flash memories.

The band had a powerful pop sound flavoured with disco, funk and electronics, built on a solid rock rhythm section, and all they needed was a charismatic singer with a distinctive voice.

Experimentation with the varicap effect need not remain in the realms of advanced electronics or solid state physics labs.

The earlier research and development work of TRE and RRDE on radar, solid state physics, electronics, and computer hardware and software was continued in the merged establishment, and the overall scope was extended to include cryogenics and other topics.

Having worked previously on aspects of radio and radar, his attention had become focused on solid state physics, because of the importance of semiconductors in the development of electronics and infra-red detectors.

According to Lilly, the network of computation-capable solid state systems ( electronics ) engineered by humans will eventually develop ( or has already developed ) into an autonomous life-form.

In modern electronics, the vacuum tube has been largely superseded by solid state devices such as the transistor, invented in 1947 and implemented in integrated circuits in 1959, although vacuum tubes remain to this day in high-powered transmitters, as well as in television sets and computer monitors as the cathode ray tube display.

During the re-design of the USA Vox amplifier, Stan Cuttler, head engineer of Thomas Organ Company, assigned Brad J. Plunkett, a junior electronics engineer, to replace the expensive Jennings 3-position MRB circuit switch with a transistorized solid state MRB circuit.

As this is a non-contacting device and the ignition coil is controlled by solid state electronics, a great amount of maintenance in point adjustment and replacement was eliminated.

The lead-tin solder commonly used in electronics has about 1 % rosin as a flux core helping the molten metal flow and making a better connection by reducing the refractory solid oxide layer formed at the surface back to metal.

Made to United States Air Force construction specifications ( and even sporting a USAF oscilloscope ), its operating electronics were constructed entirely out of vacuum tubes, making the machine obsolete by its tenth birthday, having been surpassed by more reliable ( and affordable ) solid state modular synthesizers such as the Buchla and Moog modular synthesizer systems.

STS-33 was originally scheduled to launch on 20 November, but was delayed because of problems with the integrated electronics assemblies which controlled the ignition and separation of the shuttle's solid rocket boosters.

By 1978 they had switched over to fully solid state electronics for their games.