Lizards and some frogs have somewhat similar osteoderms forming bony deposits in the dermis but this is an example of convergent evolution with similar structures having arisen independently in diverse vertebrate lineages.

However, morphological evidence suggests that the traditional Ciconiiformes should be split between two lineages, rather than expanded, although some non-traditional Ciconiiformes may be included in these two lineages.

As comparative molecular biology has become more common, some researchers have sought model organisms from a wider assortment of lineages on the tree of life.

While virtually all Nichiren Buddhist schools regard him as a reincarnation of the Lotus Sutra's Bodhisattva Superior Practices, Jōgyō Bosatsu ( 上行菩薩 ), some schools of Nichiren Buddhism's Nikkō lineages regard him as the actual Buddha of this age, or the Buddha of the Latter day of the Law.

According to Goodrich, both lineages evolved from an earlier stem group, Protosauria (" first lizards ") in which he included some animals today considered reptile-like amphibians as well as early reptiles.

While there has been some debate as to whether all three lineages are monophyletic, i. e. descended from a single ancestor, or diphyletic, recent genetic evidence suggests all three descended from a caniform ancestor most closely related to modern bears.

The following is the classification of extinct cervids only, as well as including living lineages that have some species known from the fossil record or that have become extinct.

Thus, many believed that tribes organize links between families ( including clans and lineages ), and provide them with a social and ideological basis for solidarity that is in some way more limited than that of an " ethnic group " or of a " nation ".

However, the occurrence of vessel elements is not restricted to angiosperms, and they are absent in some archaic or " basal " lineages of the angiosperms: ( e. g., Amborellaceae, Tetracentraceae, Trochodendraceae, and Winteraceae ), and their secondary xylem is described by Arthur Cronquist as " primitively vesselless ".

By the middle Devonian, the tracheid diameter of some plant lineages had plateaued.

Members of some beetle families such as Mordellidae and Melyridae feed almost exclusively on pollen as adults, while various lineages within larger families such as Curculionidae, Chrysomelidae, Cerambycidae, and Scarabaeidae are pollen specialists even though most members of their families are not ( e. g., only 36 of 40000 species of ground beetles, which are typically predatory, have been shown to eat pollen — but this is thought to be a severe underestimate as the feeding habits are only known for 1000 species ).

They are the most ancient extant lineage of honey bees, maybe diverging in the Bartonian ( some 40 million years ago or slightly later ) from the other lineages, but among themselves do not seem to have diverged a long time before the Neogene.

Currently, eleven species are formally recognised, although recent studies using ancient DNA recovered from bones in museum collections suggest that distinct lineages exist within some of these.

Polyploidy is pervasive in plants and some estimates suggest that 30 – 80 % of living plant species are polyploid, and many lineages show evidence of ancient polyploidy ( paleopolyploidy ) in their genomes.

All plants, fungi, and many other lineages form sporangia at some point in their life cycle.

Molecular evidence suggests that the Shoebill and the Hamerkop form a sister group to the pelicans, though there is some doubt as to the exact relationship between the three lineages.

While some details about the phylogenetic structures of this massively diverse family are known – e. g. that Cultrinae and Leuciscinae are rather close relatives and stand apart from Cyprininae – there is no good consensus yet on how the main lineages are interrelated.

However, morphological evidence suggests that the traditional Ciconiiformes should be split between two lineages, rather than expanded, although some non-traditional Ciconiiformes may be included in these two lineages.

While almost all living birds give calls of some sort, well-developed songs are only given by a few lineages outside the songbirds.

In reality, there are three major superfamilies ( though not exactly corresponding to the Sibley-Ahlquist arrangement ) of Passerida, in addition to some minor lineages thereof.

On the converse, any case in which lineages do not evolve together at the same time in the same ecospace might be described as convergent evolution at some point in time.

In some areas of Yorubaland and in Cuba, only men become full priests of Orunmila ( sometimes nicknamed " Orula " in Cuban lineages ), other places in Africa the priesthood has always been open to women ( although female awo Ifa are relatively uncommon ).

Further, other lineages have produced tough outer coatings analogous to an exoskeleton, such as some mammals – ( constructed from bone in the armadillo, and hair in the pangolin ) – and reptiles ( turtle and Ankylosaur armor are constructed of bone ; crocodiles have bony scutes and horny scales ).

It is an important tenet of some Indian religions ( Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism ).

For some schools of Hinduism and Buddhism the received textual tradition is an epistemological category equal to perception and inference ( although this is not necessarily true for some other schools ).

Breatharianism is a related concept, in which believers claim food and possibly water are not necessary, and that humans can be sustained solely by prana ( the vital life force in Hinduism ), or, according to some, by the energy in sunlight ( according to Ayurveda, sunlight is one of the main sources of prana ).

This draws parallels with some sects of Hinduism who also do not consume pungent tasting foods.

This period produced some of India's finest art, considered the epitome of classical development, and the development of the main spiritual and philosophical systems which continued to be in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.

Contemporary Hinduism is mostly monistic, or in some instances monotheistic ( see Hindu views on monotheism ).

Hinduism has some common concepts and practices that nowadays some Hindus tend to consider Jainism to have derived its roots from Hinduism.

While Buddhism does give a similar and to some extent a matching account for Gautama Buddha, Hinduism maintains a totally different theory where " divine grace " is needed for emancipation.

Although the Sikhs have many names for God, some derived from Islam and Hinduism, they all refer to the same Supreme Being.

Neopaganism in the United States accounts for roughly a third of all contemporary Pagans worldwide, and for some 0. 2 % of US population, figuring as the sixth largest non-Christian denomination in the US, after Judaism ( 1. 4 %), Islam ( 0. 6 %), Buddhism ( 0. 5 %), Hinduism ( 0. 3 %) and Unitarian Universalism ( 0. 3 %).

They exist in all or some branches of Judaism, Christianity, Shintoism, Hinduism and many other religions.

The actual process of change from one life to the next is called punarbhava ( Sanskrit ) or punabbhava ( Pāli ), literally " becoming again ", or more briefly bhava, " becoming ", and some English-speaking Buddhists prefer the term " rebirth " or " re-becoming " to render this term as they take " reincarnation " to imply a fixed entity that is reborn .< ref >" Reincarnation in Buddhism: What the Buddha Didn't Teach " By Barbara O ' Brien, About. com < sup > Popular Jain cosmology and Buddhist cosmology as well as a number of schools of Hinduism posit rebirth in many worlds and in varied forms.

In Hinduism some Vedas are considered

However, some leftist academics like Nirad C. Chaudhuri still maintain the old-style colonialist narrative that the Aryans were Germannic Europeans who invaded India and conspired to create the " caste system " and " Hinduism " in order to secure their position in the region against the so-called " aboriginals "

Many foreign deities become assimilated into Hinduism, and some Hindus may sometimes offer prayers to Jesus along with their traditional forms of God.

Kaharingan, an animist folk religion of the Iban branch of the Dayak people, accepted as a form of Hinduism by the Indonesian government, includes the belief of a supreme deity as well as the rooster and cockfight in relation to that of the spiritual and religious and some with the belief that humans become the fighting cocks of god, with the Iban further believing the rooster and cockfight was introduced to them by god.

This approach is favored by some Eastern religious philosophies such as Hinduism and Buddhism, and by Christian Science.

However, the true figure lies closer to 85 %, Muslims are some 10 % and 5 % other religions including Christianity, Hinduism, especially among immigrants.

As such theism describes the classical conception of God that is found in Christianity, Judaism, Islam and some forms of Hinduism.

Some modern day monotheistic religions include Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and some forms of Hinduism.

" After long study and experience, I have come to the conclusion that all religions are true ; all religions have some error in them ; all religions are almost as dear to me as my own Hinduism, in as much as all human beings should be as dear to one as one's own close relatives.