After his accidental discovery, Reinitzer did not pursue studying liquid crystals further.

In 1991, when liquid crystal displays were already well established, Pierre-Gilles de Gennes received the Nobel Prize in physics " for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers ".

Superconductivity was discovered on April 8, 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who was studying the resistance of solid mercury at cryogenic temperatures using the recently-produced liquid helium as a refrigerant.

Lipscomb began by studying compounds of nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, and other substances that are solid only below liquid nitrogen temperatures, but other advantages eventually made low-temperatures a normal procedure.

By studying the interactions of homogeneous substances in contact, i. e., bodies, being in composition part solid, part liquid, and part vapor, and by using a three-dimensional volume-entropy-internal energy graph, Gibbs was able to determine three states of equilibrium, i. e., " necessarily stable ", " neutral ", and " unstable ", and whether or not changes will ensue.

* Inverted microscope, for studying samples from below ; useful for cell cultures in liquid.

By studying the interactions of homogeneous substances in contact, i. e. bodies, being in composition part solid, part liquid, and part vapor, and by using a three-dimensional volume – entropy – internal energy graph, Gibbs was able to determine three states of equilibrium, i. e. " necessarily stable ", " neutral ", and " unstable ", and whether or not changes will ensue.

By studying the interactions of homogeneous substances in contact, i. e., bodies, being in composition part solid, part liquid, and part vapor, and by using a three-dimensional volume-entropy-internal energy graph, Gibbs was able to determine three states of equilibrium, i. e., " necessarily stable ", " neutral ", and " unstable ", and whether or not changes would ensue.

These payloads included experiments to understand the process of semiconductor crystal growth, investigating the process of metal alloys as they solidify, studying materials at their critical point ( where they exist as both a liquid and gas ), and testing new technology for use on future spacecraft, such as advanced solar arrays, radiators, heat sinks, and radiation shielding.

As early as 1951, researchers at the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory were studying the combustion processes in liquid rocket engines.

This method is commonly used, for example, to view microscopic organisms that grow in pond water or other liquid media, especially when studying their movement and behavior.

In 1968, he switched to studying liquid crystals.

He was awarded a Nobel Prize for discovering that " methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers ".

The idea of quasiparticles originated in Lev Landau's theory of Fermi liquids, which was originally invented for studying liquid helium-3.

An alternative approach is to slow down reactions by studying samples held at cryogenic temperatures, such as 77 K ( liquid nitrogen ) or 4. 2 K ( liquid helium ).

The principle of ice growth through vapor deposition on ice crystals at the expense of liquid water was first theorized by the German scientist Alfred Wegener in 1911 while studying hoarfrost formation.

Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry ( the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum ).

The ACEA is studying electric vehicle charging stations and expects that Type 2 Mode 3 connectors also to be used for home charging in the second phase after 2017 while still allowing Mode 2 charging with established plug types that are already available in home environments

Electrospray ionization is also utilizaed in studying noncovalent gas phase interactions.

Third phase was the post independent period in the country where many universities, institutes and individuals started studying the folklore.

He began his political life as a student activist while studying in Union Christian College, Aluva, when the whole country was in upheaval having entered the final phase of freedom struggle.

Norfolk will subsidize the facility with $ 1 million in 2008 and currently is studying the next phase of the marketplace's repositioning.

Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry ( the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum ).

Australian intelligence officers, after studying records, estimated that 8, 200 Japanese troops were killed in combat during the American phase of operations, and 16, 600 more died of disease or malnutrition.

Thus, assigning age significance to a result requires studying the metasomatic and thermal history of the rock, any metamorphic events, and any evidence of fluid movement.

Neutrons are capable of locating hydrogen atoms in molecules, resolving atomic thermal motion and studying collective excitations of photons more effectively than X-rays.

The term latent heat was introduced into calorimetry around 1750 by Joseph Black when studying system changes, such as of volume and pressure, when the thermodynamic system was held at constant temperature in a thermal bath.

By studying the spectra of various stars, one can find their temperature and from that, using Saha's equation, determine the ionisation state of the various elements making up the star. Besides continuing on his works in astrophysics, Saha was also keen to pursue experiments to verify his theory of thermal ionisation, which however called for advanced laboratories equipped with high-temperature facilities.

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory is currently attempting to confirm this explanation by studying their own thermal data.

Public relations strategists everywhere, watching the reaction of the German press, the liberal press, the lunatic-fringe press, listening to their neighbors, studying interviews with men and women on the street, cried out: Too much, too much -- the mind of the audience is becoming dulled, the horrors are losing their effect.

By studying how quickly the reagent species disappears in the presence of differing concentrations of a ( usually stable ) co-reagent species the reaction rate constant at the low temperature of the CRESU flow can be determined.

He will have them stage a play, The Murder of Gonzago, re-enacting his father's murder and determine Claudius's guilt or innocence by studying his reaction to it.

He then tried studying with Arthur Honegger, whose reaction to Xenakis's music was unenthusiastic.

Spectrographic and infrared images of the shuttle obtained with the Enhanced Longwave Spectral Imager ( ELSI ) were aimed at studying the interactions between gases released by the shuttle's primary reaction control system and residual atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen species in orbit.

I decided to make that weekend all about studying my body issues ”— and went on to include another frequently cited reaction: “ I ’ ve always used Mich as a place to charge my batteries for the rest of the year, planning my life around being there in August and learning my lessons, both fun and hard .” Playwright Carolyn Gage would later give voice to another key appeal motivating campers to return: “ At Michfest, she can experience a degree of safety that is not available to any woman any time anywhere except at the festival.

After studying mathematics at Lyon he transferred to chemistry and discovered the synthetic reaction bearing his name ( the Grignard reaction ) in 1900.

This type of electron donation was key when studying the way electrons are transferred between molecules in a chemical reaction.

Book I begins with satirical remarks on " scientists ," then introduces Mr. Bensington, a research chemist specializing in " the More Toxic Alkaloids ," and Professor Redwood, who after studying reaction times takes an interest in " Growth.

In a biology experiment studying the relation between substrate concentration and reaction rate in an enzyme-mediated reaction, the data in the following table were obtained.

It is important to note that ground state electron configuration models are often inadequate in studying the polarizability of bonds because dramatic changes in molecular structure occur in a reaction.

By studying purple sulfur bacteria and green sulfur bacteria he was the first scientist to demonstrate that photosynthesis is a light-dependent redox reaction, in which hydrogen from an oxidizable compound reduces carbon dioxide to cellular materials.

With the advent of highly sensitive molecular techniques, such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR ) and restriction fragment length polymorphism ( RFLP ), it became possible to detect the vvIBDV, to differentiate IBDV strains, and to use such information in studying the molecular epidemiology of the virus.

This technique is useful for studying the kinetics and electrochemical reaction mechanism for a half reaction.