The western Sanhaja had been converted to Islam sometime in the 9th C. They were subsequently united in the 10th C., and with the zeal of neophyte converts launched several campaigns against the " Sudanese " ( pagan black peoples of sub-Saharan Africa ).

Following the Age of Discovery, through missionary work and colonization, Christianity spread to the Americas, Australasia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the rest of the world.

Agriculture was practiced in sub-Saharan Africa since the third millennium BC.

Yet because of its oil reserves and favorable agricultural conditions, Cameroon still has one of the best-endowed primary commodity economies in sub-Saharan Africa.

Côte d ' Ivoire ( the Ivory Coast ) is a sub-Saharan nation in southern West Africa located at 8 00 ° N, 5 00 ° W.

In 1989, 46. 4 percent of the population was under fifteen years of age, an above-average proportion even for sub-Saharan Africa.

Map of the 2008 – 2009 cholera outbreak in sub-Saharan Africa showing the statistics as of 12 February 2009.

The United States viewed the Soviet presence as an attempt to take advantage of the situation and gain a proxy state in sub-Saharan Africa.

It was not applied at all in sub-Saharan Africa due to these perceived difficulties.

A review of fourteen studies on the subject in sub-Saharan Africa, covering insecticide-treated nets, residual spraying, chemoprophylaxis for children, chemoprophylaxis or intermittent treatment for pregnant women, a hypothetical vaccine, and changing front – line drug treatment, found decision making limited by the gross lack of information on the costs and effects of many interventions, the very small number of cost-effectiveness analyses available, the lack of evidence on the costs and effects of packages of measures, and the problems in generalizing or comparing studies that relate to specific settings and use different methodologies and outcome measures.

Gabon enjoys a per capita income four times that of most nations of sub-Saharan Africa.

Gabon is sub-Saharan Africa ’ s third-largest crude oil producer and exporter, although there are concerns that proven reserves are declining and production has declined as well.

If the under-twenty group and those above the age of sixty are regarded as a dependent group, the social, political, and economic implications for the 1990s and beyond are as grave for Ghana as they are for sub-Saharan Africa as a whole.

The trade from sub-Saharan Africa was controlled by the Islamic Empire which stretched along Africa's northern coast.

Africa's history has been challenging for researchers in the field of African studies because of the scarcity of written sources in large parts of sub-Saharan Africa.

Further, it is notable that the most pervasive expression of this hair texture can be found in sub-Saharan Africa ; a region of the world that abundant genetic and paleo-anthropological evidence suggests, was the relatively recent (~ 200, 000 year old ) point of origin for modern humanity.

( AMMSI ) is a network of mathematics centers in sub-Saharan Africa that organizes conferences and workshops, visiting lectureships and an extensive scholarship program for mathematics graduate students doing PhD work on the African continent.

IMU supported the London Mathematical Society ( LMS ) in founding the MARM programme, which supports mathematics and its teaching in the countries of sub-Saharan Africa via a mentoring partnership between mathematicians in the United Kingdom and African colleagues, together with their students.

He also felt that dress customs in the Maldives, and some sub-Saharan regions in Africa were too revealing.

Although the word jackal has been historically used to refer to many small-to medium-sized species of the wolf genus of mammals, Canis, today it most properly and commonly refers to three species: the black-backed jackal and the side-striped jackal of sub-Saharan Africa, and the golden jackal of northern Africa and south-central Eurasia.

Another major feature of his work was to classify the Bantu languages, which occupy much of sub-Saharan Africa, as a branch of the newly identified Niger – Congo language family, rather than as an independent family.

In 1971, INDECO, MINDECO, and FINDECO were brought together under an omnibus parastatal, the Zambia Industrial and Mining Corporation ( ZIMCO ), to create one of the largest companies in sub-Saharan Africa, with Francis Kaunda as Chairman of the Board.

In contrast Basotholand, along with the two other British Protectorates in the sub-Saharan region ( Bechuanaland and Swaziland ), was precluded from incorporation into the Union of South Africa.

Lesotho has taken advantage of the African Growth and Opportunity Act ( AGOA ) to become the largest exporter of garments to the US from sub-Saharan Africa.

In sub-Saharan Africa, albendazole is being used with ivermectin to treat the disease, whereas elsewhere in the world, albendazole is used with diethylcarbamazine.

In sub-Saharan Africa, albendazole is used in conjunction with ivermectin, and elsewhere in the world, the medicine is used in combination with diethylcarbamazine.

Similar instruments include the xalam of Senegal and the ngoni of the Wassoulou region including parts of Mali, Guinea, and Côte d ' Ivoire as well as a larger variation of the ngoni developed in Morocco by sub-Saharan Africans known as the Gimbri.

Tresillo is the most basic and by far, the most prevalent duple-pulse rhythmic cell in sub-Saharan African music traditions, and the music of the African Diaspora.

The most common bacterial disease is tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which affects just about 2 million people mostly in sub-Saharan Africa.

In sub-Saharan Africa irrigation reached the Niger River region cultures and civilizations by the first or second millennium BCE and was based on wet season flooding and water harvesting.

They were shortly joined by an additional 68 immigrants on September 2, 2012 .. Refuges and illegal immigration from sub-Saharan nations has been a problem that Spain, and the European Union as a whole, has been trying to solve.

In the twentieth century, those with any degree of sub-Saharan African ancestry ( which was virtually everyone who had been defined as coloured ) were redefined as Black, with Asian and other non-White Bermudians defined by separate racial groups ( although it also, in that century, ceased to be the practice to record race on birth or other records ).

The slogan has been used by African Americans ( especially of sub-Saharan African origin ) to denote a feeling of self-confidence, self-respect, celebrating one's heritage, and being proud of one's personal worth.

In international affairs, Macmillan rebuilt the special relationship with the United States from the wreckage of the Suez Crisis ( of which he had been one of the architects ), and redrew the world map by decolonising sub-Saharan Africa.

* 1518-Don Henrique, son of the king of the Congo, is consecrated by Pope Leo X as the first indigenous bishop from sub-Saharan Black Africa

Before European settlement around 1795, the area was settled by the Melungeon, a group of people of mixed European, sub-Saharan African, and Native American ancestry.

Many of these have been influenced by Arabic music and also by the music of India, Indonesia and Polynesia, though the region's indigenous musical traditions are primarily in the mainstream of the sub-Saharan Niger – Congo-speaking peoples.

Other theories on the origin of the ruins, among both white settlers and academics, had the common view that the original buildings were probably not made by sub-Saharan Africans.

Their overall coloration is – apparently plesiomorphically – shared in sub-Saharan Africa by the somewhat more distantly related Grey-backed Fiscal ( L. excubitoroides ) which is found from the Sahel eastwards, and Mackinnon's Fiscal ( L. mackinnoni ) of the Congo Basin region.

The major ( relative ) exceptions are some poor countries, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and some Middle Eastern countries, which are poor or affected by government policy or civil strife, notably Pakistan, Palestinian Territories, Yemen and Afghanistan.

The varied DNA tests continue to show European mtDNA and both European and sub-Saharan Y chromosome haplogroups for individuals with identified Melungeon surnames, which affirms the findings by Heinegg.

In sub-Saharan Africa, the visits between families to negotiate the bride price are traditional customs that are considered by many Africans to be central to African marriage and society.

Measles mortality has also declined by more than 90 % in sub-Saharan Africa alone since 2000, and polio is on the brink of elimination, with only four remaining endemic countries in the world.

Most species seem readily distinguishable by morphological characters, but for some time the genus was used as a wastebin taxon for smaller chameleons from sub-Saharan Africa with a plesiomorphic hemipenis.

Roots and tubers are important staples for over 1 billion people in the developing world ; accounting for roughly 40 percent of the food eaten by half the population of sub-Saharan Africa.

" Tyrants, the World's 20 Worst Living Dictators ", by David Wallechinsky, ranked Biya with three others commonly in sub-Saharan Africa: Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea, and King Mswati of Swaziland.