Specifically, commodities such as sugar are heavily distorted by subsidies on behalf of powerful economies ( the United States, Europe, and Japan ), who have a disproportionate influence in the WTO.

Some mixed economies, such as France under dirigisme, also featured a degree of indirect economic planning over a largely capitalist-based economy.

In major modern economies such as those of the United States or the Euro Zone, most money is electronic, but the " currency " of these polities may, depending on context, include all money or just specie ( i. e., various physical representations of money ).

Another key difference is that command economies are strictly authoritarian in nature, whereas some forms of economic planning, such as indicative planning, direct the economy through incentive-based methods.

For example, in some predominately market-oriented and mixed economies, the state utilizes economic planning in strategic industries such as the aerospace industry.

Plant-based dyes such as woad, indigo, saffron, and madder were raised commercially and were important trade goods in the economies of Asia and Europe.

The United States showed a 12 % increase in demand during each year of the first three decades of the twentieth century, a rate of growth that is now being experienced by emerging economies such as those of India or China .< ref >

Finland has a highly industrialised, mixed economy with a per capita output equal to that of other western economies such as France, Germany, Sweden or the United Kingdom.

However, due to economies of scale the management fee from larger funds can generate a significant part of a manager's profits, and as a result some fees have been criticized by some public pension funds, such as CalPERS, for being too high.

Industry in the sense of manufacturing became a key sector of production and labour in European and North American countries during the Industrial Revolution, which upset previous mercantile and feudal economies through many successive rapid advances in technology, such as the steel and coal production.

In response to the explosion of human population and material expectations in the 20th and 21st century, the company implements economies of scale, capturing material streams and creating manufacturing processes that hold costs and resource use down, such as the extensive use of MDF ( medium-density fiberboard ).

The former is more primitive and the insurance in such economies entails agreements of mutual aid.

Through this activity and others such as surveillance of its members ' economies and policies, the IMF works to improve the economies of its member countries.

Rousseau ’ s praise of Switzerland and Corsica ’ s economies of isolated and self-sufficient independent homesteads, and his endorsement of a well-regulated citizen militia, such as Switzerland ’ s, recall the ideals of Jeffersonian democracy.

The answer depends on factors such as fixed costs, economies of scale and the degree of product differentiation.

Currently, advocacy of mercantilist methods for maintaining high wages in advanced economies are popular among workers in those economies, but such ideas are rejected by most policymakers and economists.

* Synergy: For example, managerial economies such as the increased opportunity of managerial specialization.

Because Marxism-Leninism has historically only been the state ideology of countries who were economically undeveloped prior to socialist revolution ( or whose economies were nearly obliterated by war, such as the German Democratic Republic ), the primary goal before achieving full communism was the development of socialism in itself.

This tends to be the case in industries where capital costs predominate, creating economies of scale that are large in relation to the size of the market, and hence high barriers to entry ; examples include public utilities such as water services and electricity.

There is much debate worldwide over natural resource allocations, this is partly due to increasing scarcity ( depletion of resources ) but also because the exportation of natural resources is the basis for many economies ( particularly for developed nations such as Australia ).

K. Vela Velupillai quotes Maury Osborne as noting the inapplicability of such models to actual economies since money and the commodities sold each have a smallest positive unit.

Some economic experts have argued that the development gap between China and other emerging economies such as Brazil, Argentina and India can be attributed to a large extent to China's early focus on ambitious infrastructure projects, notably mass transport and transit related projects.

An advantage of being exposed to such specificity about an important and recurring feature of social reality is that it can be taken advantage of by the reader to examine covert as well as overt resonances within himself, resonances triggered by explicit symbols clustering around the central figure of the Jew.

To achieve this goal of balanced development, communications between the central government and the local communities must be such that the needs and aspirations of the people themselves are effectively taken into account.

Only a radical change in the nature of the population in the central city would be likely to destroy this preference -- and we must now turn our attention to the question of whether such a change, gloomily foreseen by so many urban diagnosticians, is actually upon us.

As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new ( late 20th century ) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies.

At the same time, the Romantic reaction to the Enlightenment produced thinkers, such as Johann Gottfried Herder and later Wilhelm Dilthey, whose work formed the basis for the " culture concept ," which is central to the discipline.

Since the 1980s issues of power, such as those examined in Eric Wolf's Europe and the People Without History, have been central to the discipline.

Notably, for skewed distributions, the arithmetic mean may not accord with one's notion of " middle ", and robust statistics such as the median may be a better description of central tendency.

In structure, Johnson points out the same central theme, that of cannibalism and the eating of babies as well as the same final argument, that " human depravity is such that men will attempt to justify their own cruelty by accusing their victims of being lower than human.

Any type of focal lesion of the central nervous system ( such as stroke, brain tumour, multiple sclerosis ) will cause the type of ataxia corresponding to the site of the lesion: cerebellar if in the cerebellum, sensory if in the dorsal spinal cord ( and rarely in the thalamus or parietal lobe ), vestibular if in the vestibular system ( including the vestibular areas of the cerebral cortex ).

The term acropolis is also used to describe the central complex of overlapping structures, such as plazas and pyramids, in many Maya cities, including Tikal and Copán.

It occupies a central place in modern mathematics and has multiple conceptual connections with such diverse fields as complex analysis, topology and number theory.

The cubists, dadaists, Stravinsky, and many later art movements struggled against this conception that beauty was central to the definition of art, with such success that, according to Danto, " Beauty had disappeared not only from the advanced art of the 1960 ’ s but from the advanced philosophy of art of that decade as well.

Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous systems ; they include paracetamol ( para-acetylaminophenol, also known in the US as acetaminophen or simply APAP ), the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) such as the salicylates, and opioid drugs such as morphine and opium.

The Archbishop of Canterbury plays a central part in national ceremonies such as coronations ; due to his high public profile, his opinions are often in demand by the news media.

Since Lavoisier's knowledge of strong acids was mainly restricted to oxoacids, such as ( nitric acid ) and ( sulphuric acid ), which tend to contain central atoms in high oxidation states surrounded by oxygen, and since he was not aware of the true composition of the hydrohalic acids ( HF, HCl, HBr, and HI ), he defined acids in terms of their containing oxygen, which in fact he named from Greek words meaning " acid-former " ( from the Greek οξυς ( oxys ) meaning " acid " or " sharp " and γεινομαι ( geinomai ) meaning " engender ").

Feral animals such as camels thrive in central Australia, brought to Australia by the early Afghan drivers.

Although Whorf's approach to understanding the Maya script is now known to have been misguided, his central claim that the script was phonetic and should be deciphered as such was vindicated by Yuri Knorozov's syllabic decipherment of Mayan writing in the 1950s.

The human body mostly consists of a head, neck, torso, two arms and two legs, as well as numerous internal organ groups such as respiratory, circulatory and a central nervous system.

The military dangers in such an enterprise were numerous: Marlborough's lines of communication along the Rhine would be hopelessly exposed to French interference, for Louis ’ generals controlled the left bank of the river and its central reaches.

If so, they may have originally comprised residual Celtic elements in central eastern Europe such as the Cotini, who formed a Celtic enclave in the Germanic-speaking zone and are described by Tacitus as iron-ore miners working as tributaries of the powerful Quadi Germanic people.

The text of Genesis-Numbers leaves no doubt as to the central concern of the priests: the cult of Yahweh was to be under the control of " Aaron and his sons " forever, and to the exclusion of all other priestly lines ( such as Korah, Dathan and Abiram, who meet terrible fates in Numbers 16-17 for challenging Aaron, but also the lines of David's priests Abiathar and Zadok, as well as the low-level Levites ).

However, they are much less toxic than their predecessors, the barbiturates, and death rarely results when a benzodiazepine is the only drug taken ; however, when combined with other central nervous system depressants such as alcohol and opiates, the potential for toxicity and fatal overdose increases.

" Even some complex " medical devices " ( see below ) can reasonably be deemed " biotechnology " depending on the degree to which such elements are central to their principle of operation.