Einstein struggled to the end of his life for a theory that could better comply with his idea of causality, protesting against the view that there exists no objective physical reality other than that which is revealed through measurement interpreted in terms of quantum mechanical formalism.

An approach which seems mathematically to be similar to IRT but also quite distinctive, in terms of its origins and features, is represented by the Rasch model for measurement.

Using a common-view measurement method based on the received signals from radio station WWV, they determined the orbital motion of the Moon about the Earth, from which the apparent motion of the Sun could be inferred, in terms of time as measured by an atomic clock.

Spectroscopy and spectrography are terms used to refer to the measurement of radiation intensity as a function of wavelength and are often used to describe experimental spectroscopic methods.

In physical terms, this corresponds to the fact that there is no measurement protocol which can specify a basis of the spin space, even if a preferred basis of V is given.

In terms of mathematical formalism, is such a counterfactual momentum measurement to be included, together with the factual position measurement, in the statistical population of possible outcomes describing the particle?

In the measurement of gamma rays or other ionising radiation, a radiation monitor or dosimeter will commonly use a filter to attenuate those energy levels or wavelengths that cause the least damage to the human body, while letting through those that do the most damage, so that any source of radiation may be measured in terms of its true danger rather than just its ' strength '.

Fundamentally, empirical validation requires rigorous communication of hypothesis ( usually expressed in mathematics ), experimental constraints and controls ( expressed necessarily in terms of standard experimental apparatus ), and a common understanding of measurement.

Although the terms are used in various ways among the general public, many specialists in decision theory, statistics and other quantitative fields have defined uncertainty, risk, and their measurement as:

::" There is no true value of any characteristic, state, or condition that is defined in terms of measurement or observation.

The measurement should, of course, be done on the diagram, but it should be expressed in terms of the angle that would be subtended at an observer on the ground by the corresponding distance in the analemma in the sky.

Under the Capital Maintenance in Units of Constant Purchasing Power paradigm daily measurement is required of all items in terms of

We can construct a classical continuous random field that has the same probability density as the quantum vacuum state, so that the principal difference from quantum field theory is the measurement theory ( measurement in quantum theory is different from measurement for a classical continuous random field, in that classical measurements are always mutually compatible — in quantum mechanical terms they always commute ).

The motivation behind the concept of logarithmic units is that defining a quantity on a logarithmic scale in terms of a logarithm to a specific base amounts to making a ( totally arbitrary ) choice of a unit of measurement for that quantity, one that corresponds to the specific ( and equally arbitrary ) logarithm base that was selected.

By the second half of the 20th century, the accurate measurement of star positions from the ground was running into essentially insurmountable barriers to improvements in accuracy, especially for large-angle measurements and systematic terms.

To be fully precise, a measurement in sones must be specified in terms of the optional suffix G, which means that the loudness value is calculated from frequency groups, and by one of the two suffixes D ( for direct field or free field ) or R ( for room field or diffuse field ).

In terms of levels of measurement, non-parametric methods result in " ordinal " data.

" This measurement may be in terms of sales volume, money value, market share, percentage penetration of distribution outlets and so on.

The proper approach to measurement, which is largely adopted by broadcasters and other audio professionals, is to first devise measurements that can quantify the various forms of corruption in terms of subjective annoyance to a human listener, ideally the most critical listener based on tests using many suitably rested subjects.

* Photometry ( optics ), the science of measurement of visible light in terms of its perceived brightness to human vision

Considered as a measurement technique, where it is used to estimate hidden parameters in terms of observed random variables, it is known as the observed information.

The Dipstick measures concrete floor slab flatness / levelness in terms of Face Floor Profile Numbers (" F-Numbers "), a profile measurement system adopted in 1990 by the American Concrete Institute.

What we have left as reasonably comparable are four classes: ( 1 ) body parts and products, which with a proportionally nearly even representation ( 51 terms out of 253, 25 out of 100 ) come out with nearly even ratios ; ;

He served four successive terms in the Illinois House of Representatives as a Whig representative from Sangamon County.

Within five days after the beginning of their terms, the four Aediles ( two Plebeian, two Curule ) were required to determine, by lot or by agreement among themselves, what parts of the city each should hold jurisdiction over.

The Black Sea is one of four seas named in English after common color terms — the others being the Red Sea, the White Sea and the Yellow Sea.

Members serve four-year terms ; elections are held every four years, or earlier in the relatively rare case that the Bundestag is dissolved prematurely by the president.

In each Annual Conference, United Methodist bishops serve for four year terms, and may serve up to three terms before either retirement or appointment to a new Conference.

In each Annual Conference, CME bishops serve for four year terms.

In his 1963 " I Have a Dream " speech, Martin Luther King, Jr. uses the terms negro fifteen times and black four times.

The number of Sabor representatives ranges from 100 to 160 ; they are elected by popular vote to serve four year terms.

Dartmouth functions on a quarter system, operating year-round on four ten-week academic terms.

The central theological themes are " the question of theodicy, God's justness in the face of the triumph of the heathens over the pious, the course of world history in terms of the teaching of the four kingdoms, the function of the law, the eschatological judgment, the appearance on Earth of the heavenly Jerusalem, the Messianic Period, at the end of which the Messiah will die, the end of this world and the coming of the next, and the Last Judgment.

In these terms folk music may be seen as part of a " schema comprising four musical types: ' primitive ' or ' tribal '; ' elite ' or ' art '; ' folk '; and ' popular '.

They both serve a four year term and they can be renominated as many times as the President chooses, until their terms on the Board of Governors expire.

In Chaosmosis, Guattari proposes an analysis of subjectivity in terms of four dimensions: ( 1 ) material, energetic, and semiotic fluxes ; ( 2 ) concrete and abstract machinic phylums ; ( 3 ) virtual universes of value ; and ( 4 ) finite existential territories.

The fundamental problem is that the last four terms ( fraction of planets with life, odds life becomes intelligent, odds intelligent life becomes detectable, and detectable lifetime of civilizations ) are completely unknown.

The terms of office for president, vice president, and congressional deputies were reduced from five years to four years ; for Supreme Court justices from six years to five years, and increased the terms of mayors and city councils from 30 months to four years.

Most geographers, including those of the Iraqi government, discuss the country's geography in terms of four main zones or regions: the desert in the west and southwest ; the rolling upland between the upper Tigris and Euphrates rivers ( in Arabic the Dijlis and Furat, respectively ); the highlands in the north and northeast ; and the alluvial plain through which the Tigris and Euphrates flow.

The Director General is selected by the Board and approved by the General Conference for renewable four year terms.

All four bombs fail to detonate and all four suspected suicide bombers are captured and later convicted and imprisoned for long terms.

Because the " middle term " of this syllogism is not one term, but two separate ones masquerading as one ( all feathers are indeed " not heavy ", but it is not true that all feathers are " bright "), this type of equivocation is actually an example of the fallacy of four terms.