Puritans were politically important in England, but it is debated whether the movement was in any way a party with policies and leaders before the early 1640s ; and while Puritanism in New England was important culturally for a group of colonial pioneers in America, there have been many studies trying to pin down exactly what the identifiable cultural component was.

Tower houses were being built up until the 1640s ; after the Restoration the fortified tower house fell out of fashion, but the weak state of the Scottish economy was such that while many larger properties were simply abandoned, the more modest castles continued to be used and adapted as houses, rather than rebuilt.

Notably, from the 1640s onwards he sought the advice of a noted cloistered abbess, Sor María de Ágreda, exchanging many letters with her.

Throughout the 1640s, Jesuit missionaries penetrated the Great Lakes region and converted many of the Huron natives.

By the late 1640s the Jesuits appeared to have been making more progress in their mission to the Huron, and they claimed to have made many converts at this time.

In the 1640s, rebellions in China and wars between the Ming dynasty and the Manchus damaged many kilns, and in 1656 – 1684 the Qing Dynasty government stopped trade.

Smallpox epidemics occurred in the 1640s, 1710s and 1760s, resulting in many deaths.

By the 1640s, many of the mocambos had consolidated into larger entities ruled by " kings ".

In the 1640s, springs of water in what is now Wells Park were discovered to have medicinal properties, attracting crowds of people to the area.

During the 1640s, several people close to the Crown and Royal Court were alloted sites on Helgeandsholmen, and in 1645, Queen Christina donated the site north of The Fleming House to Anders Gyldenklou (- 1665?

Similarly to the Confederates of the 1640s, the Jacobites were conscious of representing the " Irish nation ", but were not separatists and largely represented the interests of the landed class as opposed to all the Irish people.

The synod, consisting of rostered leaders ( pastors, associates in ministry, deaconesses, and diaconal ministers ) and approximately 172 congregations and missions, is located in an area rich in German and Swedish history, with the latter bringing Lutheranism ( as missions of the Church of Sweden ) in the 1640s before the subsequent takeover of Tinicum ( present-day Chester ) by the British and the formation of the Province of Pennsylvania under the Quaker William Penn, who invited scores of people, mostly British Quakers and German Lutherans and Anabaptists ( Amish and Mennonite ), to settle the land.

In the 1640s the Particular Baptists were formed, diverging strongly from Arminian doctrine and embracing the strong Calvinism of the Presbyterians and Independents.

These separatist and independent strands of Puritanism became prominent in the 1640s, when the supporters of a presbyterian polity in the Westminster Assembly were unable to forge a new English national church.

Some of the best-known pirate bases were New Providence, in the Bahamas from 1715 to 1725, Tortuga established in the 1640s and Port Royal after 1655.

Russian explorers Ivan Moskvitin and Vassili Poyarkov were the first Europeans to visit the Sea of Okhotsk ( and, probably, the island of Sakhalin ) in the 1640s.

The first European settlers in Point Lookout were Dutch, who arrived in the 1640s, followed by the English, in the 1660s.

By the 1640s, these two designs were re-combined in a white-and-red key on a red-and-white field as the coat of arms of the united canton.

The castle's defences were enhanced in the 1640s to prepare the castle for action in the English Civil War.

Despite promising beginning, Władysław failed to secure enough funds for the fleet creation ; the ships were gone – sunk, or stolen – by the 1640s.

Although his views on church polity were presbyterian, he became known in the 1640s as an Erastian, arguing for overall state control of religious matters.

In 1612, Pernambuco produced 14, 000 tons of sugar ; in the 1640s, more than 24, 000 tons of sugar were exported to Amsterdam alone.

Until the 1640s, the width of the street varied from 10 to 20 ells ( 5. 9-11. 9 metres ), but as the northern settlements were incorporated with the city in 1635, so was Helgeandsholmen, and the standard street width was regulated.

First relocated north of Helgeandsholmen in the 1640s, they were moved back again in 1680 to a building designed by architect Nicodemus Tessin the Elder ( 1615 – 1684 ).

Its prestige as representing civilization allowed the colonial system to function during the long period from the 1640s to the 1760s when authorities in Mexico City were too weak politically to regulate much of the economic activities over such a vast territory.

Hawridge is said to have associations with the English Civil War during the 1640s Parliamentary soldiers were billeted in the area at a time when skirmishes were occurring in and around Wendover and Chesham.

It is Hugh Trevor-Roper's thesis, in his essay Three Foreigners ( meaning Hartlib, Dury and the absent Comenius ), that Hartlib and the others were the “ philosophers ” of the “ country party ” or anti-court grouping of the 1630s and early 1640s, who united in their support for these outside voices, if agreeing on little else.

As early as the 1640s, the anchor and " hope " were found on the Rhode Island Seal, and the seal's words and emblems were likely inspired by the biblical phrase " hope we have as an anchor of the soul ," found in Hebrews, Verse 6: 18-19.

In terms of wealth, Trinity's current fortunes belie prior fluctuations ; Nevile's building campaign drove the college into debt from which it only surfaced in the 1640s, and the mastership of Richard Bentley ( notorious for the construction of a hugely expensive staircase in the Master's Lodge, and Bentley's repeated refusals to step down despite pleas from the Fellowship ) adversely affected applications and finances.

Second Court is fully built up on only three sides, one of which is formed by the 1640s Fellows ' Building.

In 1625 Farnham was again subject to an outbreak of the plague which, together with a severe decline in the local woollen industry ( the local downland wool being unsuitable for the newly fashionable worsted ) led by the 1640s to a serious economic depression in the area.

He began to make monotypes in the 1640s, normally working from black to white, and produced over twenty surviving ones, over half of which are set at night ( Theseus finding the Arms of his Father, 1643 ).

In recognition of all the help given to him during his exile in Jersey in the 1640s, Charles II gave Carteret a large grant of land previously named New Netherlands, which he promptly renamed New Jersey.

This dispute resulted in minor military confrontations between the English and Dutch in the 1640s and was resolved temporarily in the 1650 Treaty of Hartford, in which the Dutch ceded their claims on the river.

The historian Alan Gallay speculates that the Shawnee migrations of the middle to late 17th century were probably driven by the Iroquois Wars, which began in the 1640s.

* Some Irish towns ( notably Wexford and Waterford ) had acted as bases from which privateers had attacked English shipping during the 1640s.

During the 1640s, Galway was heavily fortified against an expected counter-attack by English forces, which eventually materialised when English Parliamentarian forces re-conquered Ireland in 1649-52.

* Entrepreneurs, Merchant Adventurers-this refers to the Adventurers Act passed by the English Parliament in 1642, which decreed that that loans given to the Parliamentarians during the Civil Wars could be recouped by the creditors receiving land confiscated from those Irish Catholics who rebelled or remained neutral in the 1640s.

In 1640s, however, the clergy persuaded the tsar to limit foreign presence in Moscow, and in 1652 Alexis I of Russia forced all Catholic and Protestant foreigners to relocate to German Quarter, which became known as the New German Quarter ( Novonemetskaya sloboda ), located east of present-day Lefortovskaya Square, above the mouth of the Chechera River.

Lady Antonia Fraser ( Charles II, page 82 ) points out that such a match would have taken one of " the last aces " Charles had, his " marriageability " to some foreign princess which, conceivably, could have brought him aid in regaining his throne. On the other hand, Monmouth's biographer J. N. P. Watson (" Captain-General and Rebel Chief ", 127 ) has argued there is a substantial amount of circumstantial evidence to support the marriage between Lucy Walters and Charles, including letters from Charles's sister ( a confidante of Lucy Walters ) in the 1640s which refer to Charles's " wife ".

During the politics of the 1640s, Pembroke was initially associated with the group of lords headed by William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele and Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland, which supported the Self-denying Ordinance and the creation of the New Model Army in 1645.