Thirty stations, operated by 16 national governments party to the Antarctic Treaty, have landing facilities for either helicopters and / or fixed-wing aircraft ; commercial enterprises operate two additional air facilities.

Trends in the Antarctic Oscillation have been hypothesized to account for an increase in the transport of the Circumpolar Current over the past two decades.

His new armorials are shown above: Sable, a fess wavy between two pole stars Arctic and Antarctic argent

More recently, complete mitochondrial sequencing indicates the two Antarctic groups that eat seals and fish should be recognized as distinct species, as should the North Pacific transients, leaving the others as subspecies pending additional data.

Robert Falcon Scott, CVO ( 6 June 1868 – 29 March 1912 ) was a Royal Navy officer and explorer who led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the Discovery Expedition, 1901 – 04, and the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition, 1910 – 13.

During the Second World War, the Royal Navy deployed an armed merchant vessel to patrol South Georgian and Antarctic waters against German raiders, along with two four-inch shore guns ( still present ) protecting Cumberland Bay and Stromness Bay, manned by volunteers from among the Norwegian whalers.

The primary species hunted are the common minke whale and Antarctic minke whale, two of the smallest species of baleen whales.

On 17 January 1773 the Antarctic Circle was crossed for the first time in history and the two ships reached by, where their course was stopped by ice.

It is certain that on 28 January 1820 ( New Style ), the expedition led by Fabian von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev on two ships reached a point within 20 miles ( 40 km ) of the Antarctic mainland and saw ice-fields there.

In 1992, an expedition of three scientists, a journalist and two photographers commissioned by the Arctic Centre at the University of Groningen, coupled with two scientists, a cook and a doctor sent by the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute in St. Petersburg, returned to the site, and erected a commemorative marker at the site of the cabin .< ref >

These tropics are two of the five major degree measures or major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth, besides the Arctic and Antarctic Circles and the Equator.

Antarctic explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton, who presided at the club dinner in 1910, allowed his two young children-Raymond and Cecily-to play cowboys and Indians on the cricket green during the week.

Author James Fenimore Cooper's earlier 1849 novel The Sea Lions, is a tale that begins with the death of a sailor who has left behind " two old, dirty and ragged charts " which lead to a seal-hunting paradise in the Antarctic as well as a location in the West Indies where pirates have buried treasure, a plot similar to Stevenson's tale.

* Adrien de Gerlache, officer of the Belgian Navy and leader of two Belgian Antarctic Expeditions ( 1866 – 1934 )

The AAD is responsible, on behalf of the Australian Government, for administering the two Australian federal territories that lie in Antarctic or sub-Antarctic latitudes:

In 1928, Admiral Byrd began his first expedition to the Antarctic involving two ships, and three airplanes: Byrd's Flagship was The City of New York ( a Norwegian sealing ship previously named Samson that had come into fame as a ship in the vicinity of Titanic when the latter was sinking ); a Ford Trimotor called the Floyd Bennett ( named after the recently deceased pilot of Byrd's previous expeditions ); a Fairchild FC-2W2, NX8006, built 1928, named " Stars And Stripes " ( now displayed at the Virginia Aviation Museum, on loan from the National Air and Space Museum ); and a Fokker Universal monoplane called the Virginia ( Byrd's birth state ).

The fiftieth anniversary of Byrd's first flight over the South Pole was commemorated in a set of two postage stamps by Australian Antarctic Territory in 1979.

, there are sixteen Commonwealth realms, with a combined land area ( excluding Antarctic claims ) of 18. 8 million km² ( 7. 3 million mi² ) and a population of 137 million, of which all but about two million live in the six most populous states: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, and Jamaica.

Regarding this, the presence of two Antarctic taxa at Seymour Island ( Goin, personal communication, 2000 ) suggests an important paleoecological constraint related to dietary preference of this group .”

* Liv Arnesen ( b. June 1, 1953 ) – the first woman to ski solo and unassisted to the South Pole ; she was also one of the two first women to cross the Antarctic continent.

* The fulmarine petrels include the largest procellariids, the giant petrels, as well as the two fulmar species, the Snow Petrel, the Antarctic Petrel, and the Cape Petrel.

The sea is contained within the two overlapping Antarctic territorial claims of Argentina, ( Argentine Antarctica ) and Britain ( British Antarctic Territory ), and also resides partially within the territorial claim of Chile ( Antarctic Chilean Territory ).

Pictured here is the Antarctic toothfish, a sister species.

All present species belong to the subclass Neornithes, and inhabit ecosystems across the globe, from the Arctic to the Antarctic.

The various Antarctic species may have either used the same route, or traveled down the west coast of Africa.

At least 10 species live in the temperate zone ; one, the Galápagos Penguin, lives as far north as the Galápagos Islands, but this is only made possible by the cold, rich waters of the Antarctic Humboldt Current that flows around these islands.

Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, is a species of krill found in the Antarctic waters of the Southern Ocean.

It is a key species in the Antarctic ecosystem and is, in terms of biomass, probably the most abundant animal species on the planet ( approximately 500 million tonnes ).

The Adélie Penguin ( Pygoscelis adeliae ) is a species of penguin common along the entire Antarctic coast.

Some of these species still return to the ocean to feed ; for example, the Snow Petrel, the nests of which have been found inland on the Antarctic mainland, are unlikely to find anything to eat around their breeding sites.

Sphenisciformes ( Antarctic and southern waters ; 16 species )

A recent trend in GCMs is to apply them as components of Earth system models, e. g. by coupling to ice sheet models for the dynamics of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, and one or more chemical transport models ( CTMs ) for species important to climate.

Even species that breed on continental Antarctica, such as the Antarctic Petrel, are forced by habitat preference ( snow-free north-facing rock ) to breed in just a few locations.

Several asteroid groups, such as the Solasteridae, have 10 to 15 arms, whereas some species, such as the Antarctic Labidiaster annulatus can have up to 50.

Distribution is worldwide: the Blue, Fin, Humpback, and the Sei Whales are found in all major oceans ; the Common ( Northern ) and Antarctic ( Southern ) Minke Whale species are found in all the oceans of their respective hemispheres ; and either of Bryde's Whale and Eden's Whale occur in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans, being absent only from the cold waters of the Arctic and Antarctic.

In the Southern Ocean, one species, the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, makes up an estimated biomass of over, roughly twice that of humans.

Well-known species of the Euphausiidae of commercial krill fisheries include Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ), Pacific krill ( Euphausia pacifica ) and Northern krill ( Meganyctiphanes norvegica ).

This success of this species is due to its specialized predation on the abundant Antarctic krill of the Southern Ocean, for which it has uniquely adapted sieve-like tooth structure.

Perhaps their most distinctive adaptation is the unique dentition that enables this species to sieve Antarctic krill.

In addition, while the highest amounts of column ozone over the Arctic occur in the northern spring ( March – April ), the opposite is true over the Antarctic, where the lowest amounts of column ozone occur in the southern spring ( September – October ).

On the Antarctic Circle these events occur, in principle, exactly once per year, at the December and June solstices respectively.

Although the major events recorded in the Vostok, EPICA, NGRIP, and GRIP during the last glacial period are present in all four cores some variation with depth ( both shallower and deeper ) occur between the Antarctic and Greenland cores.

It is typically a problem in Arctic and Antarctic seas, but can also occur in other seas such as the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the Sea of Japan, the Baltic Sea, and very rarely, the North Sea.

They probably occur in New Zealand, but less frequently ; over the Antarctic Peninsula more frequently ; and at several locations in the northern hemisphere, but closer to the North Pole at latitudes above 60 ° north.

By March or early April, frost is to be expected, and during the winter ( May to September ), wild fluctuations of temperature can occur: the average high is 11 ° C ( 53F ) and the average low is-2 ° C ( 28F ), but northwesterly winds that blow downslope from the Andes can bring temperatures of 25 ° C ( 77F ), and extreme Antarctic outbreaks will bring periods of snow, daytime highs well below 0 ° C ( 32F ) and night lows well below-12 ° C ( 10F ).