This agreement gave Lithuanians control of the city of Vilnius (, ), the old Lithuanian capital, but a city with a majority Polish population.

The first known written record of Vilnius as the Lithuanian capital is known from Gediminas ' letters in 1323.

This city will be the capital of the Lithuanian lands and the dwelling of their rulers, and the glory of their deeds shall echo throughout the world ".

After the ultimatum was issued and Lithuania further occupied, a Soviet government was installed with Vilnius as the capital of the newly created Lithuanian SSR.

Shortly afterwards, the town was once again incorporated into the Soviet Union as the capital of the Lithuanian SSR.

The current Constitution, as did the earlier Lithuanian Constitution of 1922, mentions that ..." the capital of the State of Lithuania shall be the city of Vilnius, the long-standing historical capital of Lithuania ".

Also seen as one of the most significant individuals in early Lithuanian history, he was responsible for both erecting the capital of Lithuania, and the establishment of a dynasty that can be traced to other European monarchies such as Poland, Hungary and Bohemia.

Part of it was included into RSFSR, and part was joined to the Lithuanian SSR to form the LBSSR, Lithuanian-Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, informally known as Litbel, whose capital was Vilnius.

From 1569, it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodship in the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth.

After the 1917 Russian Revolution, Gimbutas ' parents had founded the first Lithuanian hospital in the capital.

After the First Partition of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth, Grodno became the capital of the short-lived Grodno Voivodeship in 1793.

In 1561 it became part of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth ( see: Duchy of Livonia ) and in 1566 became capital of the Inflanty Voivodeship, which existed until the First Partition of Poland.

He served from 1990 as the chief of staff of Soviet missile and artillery forces in Vilnius, capital of the Lithuanian SSR.

In the meantime, Polish – Lithuanian relations worsened as Polish politicians found it hard to accept the Lithuanians ' demands for certain territories, especially the city of Vilnius which had a Polish ethnic majority but was regarded by Lithuanians as their historical capital.

Since the restoration of Lithuanian independence in 1991, the city's status as Lithuania's capital has been internationally recognized.

The variegate Lithuanian mythology of this time ( legend about emigration of Palemon from Rome to Lithuania, legend about the founding of the capital of Lithuania Vilnius by Duke Gediminas, and other pieces ) had been presented in a spirit of high lucid and virtuous patriotism.

However, children of mixed Russian and Estonian parents living in Tallinn ( the capital city of Estonia ), or mixed Russian and Latvian parents living in Riga ( the capital of Latvia ), or mixed Russian and Lithuanian parents living in Vilnius ( the capital of Lithuania ) most often chose as their own nationality that of the titular nationality of their republic – not Russian.

In response to the dispute over the region, many Lithuanian scholars moved to Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas, the interwar capital.

During last 20 years, the northern city of Šiauliai has become the capital of Lithuanian rugby, with the two strongest teams in Lithuania located there.

A separate convention to the same effect was concluded between the governments of the Soviet Union and Lithuania, since the Lithuanian government refused to accede to any protocol on which the government of Poland was signed, since the Polish government kept the Vilna area which was a disputed region between Poland and Lithuania, and Lithuanian authorities treated Polish rule over Vilna as a military occupation of its constitutional capital.

He now lives in Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania, where he works as an actor at the Lithuanian National Drama Theatre.

Alexander Jagellon never felt at home in Poland, and bestowed his favor principally upon his fellow Lithuanians, the most notable of whom was the wealthy Lithuanian magnate Michael Glinski, who justified his master's confidence by his great victory over the Tatars at Kleck ( 5 August 1506 ), news of which was brought to Alexander on his deathbed in Vilnius.

Piłsudski's seizure of Vilnius in October 1920 poisoned Polish – Lithuanian relations for the remainder of the interwar period.

* 1991 – Soviet Union troops attack Lithuanian independence supporters in Vilnius, killing 14 people and wounding 1000.

They brought with them the Old Church Slavonic liturgy of the Eastern Orthodox Christian religion, written Slavic language, the version of which known as Chancery Slavonic was to serve the Lithuanian court's document-producing needs for a few centuries, and developed laws, turning Vilnius into a major center of their civilization.

There was much devastation and population loss throughout the GDL in the mid and late 17th century, including the ethnic Lithuanian population in Vilnius voivodeship.

The voivodeships with a majority ethnic Lithuanian population were Vilnius, Trakai and Samogitian voivodeships, and these three voivodeships comprised the political center of the state.

The Lithuanian language was used orally in Vilnius, Trakai and Samogitian voivodeships, and by small numbers of people elsewhere.

Elsewhere, ethnic Poles constitute large minorities in Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine: Polish is the most widely used minority language in Lithuania's Vilnius County ( 26 % of the population, according to the 2001 census results ) and is found elsewhere in southeastern Lithuania ; in Ukraine it is most common in the Lviv and Lutsk regions, while in Western Belarus it is used by the significant Polish minority especially in the Brest and Grodno regions and in areas along the Lithuanian border.

* 1390 – Lithuanian Civil War ( 1389 – 1392 ): the Teutonic Knights begin a five-week siege of Vilnius.

Vilnius changed hands again during the Polish-Soviet War and the Lithuanian Wars of Independence: it was taken by the Polish Army, only to fall to the Soviet forces again.

These actions were encouraged by Soviet Union leaders until it was decided to use Vilnius as one of the pretexts to begin interfering in Lithuanian internal affairs.

Only in the 1960s did Vilnius begin to grow again, following an influx of Lithuanian and Polish population from neighbouring regions and well as from other areas of the Soviet Union ( particularly Russians and Belarusians ).

Vilnius lies from the Baltic Sea and Klaipėda, the chief Lithuanian seaport.

Vilnius is connected by highways to other major Lithuanian cities, such as Kaunas ( 102 km / 63 mi away ), Šiauliai ( 214 km / 133 mi away ) and Panevėžys ( 135 km / 84 mi away ).

* 1991 – Soviet Union military troops attack Lithuanian independence supporters in Vilnius.

** Soviet forces storm Vilnius to stop Lithuanian independence.

* Sheikh Ahmad, final leader of the Great Horde, is last heard of as a Lithuanian prisoner at Vilnius.

He protected the Catholic as well as the Orthodox clergy ; he raised the Lithuanian army to the highest state of efficiency then attainable ; defended his borders with a chain of strong fortresses and built numerous castles in towns including Vilnius.

* September 11 – In the Lithuanian Civil War, the coalition of Vytautas and the Teutonic Knights begins a 5-week siege of Vilnius.

* Kazlauskas J., 1968, Lietuvių Kalbos Istorinė Gramatika Grammar of Lithuanian, Vilnius, 1968, p 285

* Zinkevičius, Z, The History of the Lithuanian Language ( 1996 ) Vilnius: Mokslas pp 50 – 53 ISBN 5-420-01363-0