) It explores the views of the rabbis in the Mishnah, Talmud and Midrash about the nature of Torah, the revelation of God to mankind, prophecy, and the ways that Jews have used scriptural exegesis to expand and understand these core Jewish texts.

All Orthodox authorities, however, agree that only later Rabbinical interpretations are subject to reconsideration, and hold that core sources of Divine written and oral law, such as the Torah the Mishnah and the Talmud, cannot be overridden.

The core of this text developed in the mid-3rd century as a critique and commentary of the Mishnah, although subsequent additions and editing went on for some time afterwards.

Shammai ( 50 BCE – 30 CE, Hebrew: שמאי ) was a Jewish scholar of the 1st century, and an important figure in Judaism's core work of rabbinic literature, the Mishnah.

300 ), one of the tannaim, whose teachings are quoted in the core text of Rabbinical Judaism, the Mishnah

The Mishnah, the core work of the Jewish Oral Torah, sets this day aside as the new year for calculating calendar years and Sabbatical and jubilee years.

Abba Arikka ( 175 – 247 ) ( Talmudic Aramaic: ; born: Abba bar Aybo, Hebrew: רבי אבא בר איבו ) was a Jewish Talmudist who lived in Sassanid Babylonia, known as an amora ( commentator on the Oral Law ) of the 3rd century who established at Sura the systematic study of the rabbinic traditions, which, using the Mishnah as text, led to the compilation of the Talmud.

That method takes the Mishnah of Judah ha-Nasi as a text or foundation, adding to it the other tannaitic traditions, and deriving from all of them the theoretical explanations and practical applications of the religious Law.

The Mishnah, a major Jewish religious text, was completed in this period.

The Torah's commandment to love God " with all your heart, with all your soul and with all your might " ( Deuteronomy 6: 5 ) is taken by the Mishnah ( a central text of the Jewish oral law ) to refer to good deeds, willingness to sacrifice one's life rather than commit certain serious transgressions, willingness to sacrifice all of one's possessions, and being grateful to the Lord despite adversity ( tractate Berachoth 9: 5 ).

One must also note that in addition to redacting the Mishnah, Rabbi and his court also ruled on which opinions should be followed, though the rulings do not always appear in the text.

Authorities are divided on whether Rabbi recorded the Mishnah in writing or established it as an oral text for memorisation.

There is also an edition by Yosef Qafiḥ of the Mishnah together with the commentary of Maimonides, which compares the base text used by Maimonides with the Napoli and Vilna editions and other sources.

Neither work covers the whole Mishnah, but each work is on about 50 %- 70 % of the text.

* Mechon Mamre – Hebrew text of the Mishnah according to Maimonides ' version ( based on the manuscript of his Mishnah commentary in his own handwriting ).

* The Structured Mishnah – Hebrew text according to the Albeck edition ( without vowels ) with special formatting.

Another important function of Gemara is to identify the correct Biblical basis for a given law presented in the Mishnah and the logical process connecting one with the other: this activity was known as talmud long before the existence of the " Talmud " as a text.

Since the Mishnah and all of the Baraitas and verses of Tanakh quoted and embedded in the Gemara are in Hebrew, Hebrew constitutes somewhat less than half of the text of the Talmud.

At times the text of the Tosefta agrees nearly verbatim with the Mishnah.

The Talmud often utilizes the traditions found in the Tosefta to examine the text of the Mishnah.

Alberdina Houtman and colleagues theorize that while the Mishnah was compiled in order to establish an authoritative text on halakhic tradition, a more conservative party opposed the exclusion of the rest of tradition and produced the Tosefta to avoid the impression that the written Mishnah was equivalent to the entire oral Torah.

'" ( Exodus 13: 8 ) Traditionally, families and friends gather in the evening to read the text of the Haggadah, an ancient work derived from the Mishnah ( Pesahim 10 ).

The term " gemara " for the activity of study is far older than its use as a description of any text: thus Pirke Avot ( Ch. 5 ), a work long preceding the recording of the Talmud, recommends starting " Mishnah " at the age of 10 and " Gemara " at the age of 15.

He revised the text of the Mishnah and Talmud, and wrote commentaries on several treatises of the latter which were very popular and gave an impulse to the production of other works of the kind.

The text most commonly studied in Ashkenazic Yeshivot is the Mishnah Berurah written by Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan, the Chofetz Chaim.

Though engaged in many ways in the development of his society and in the organization of its institutions, during the thirteen years of his stay in Berlin he wrote a text for schools on the religious and moral doctrines of the Mishnah ( Berlin, 1854 ), a criticism of Stahl ( Ueber Stahl's Christliche Toleranz, ib.

The Mishnah ( Yoma 39a ) follows the Hebrew Bible text ; two goats were procured, similar in respect of appearance, height, cost, and time of selection.

The likelihood of a 1st century tomb being built to the west of the city is questionable, as according to the late 1st century Rabbinic leader, Akiva ben Joseph, quoted in the Mishnah, tombs should not built to the west of the city, as the wind in Jerusalem generally blows from the west, and would blow the smell of the corpses and their impurity over the city, and the Temple Mount.

A second classical distinction is between the Written Torah ( laws written in the Hebrew Bible, specifically its first five books ), and Oral Law, laws believed transmitted orally prior to compilation in texts such as the Mishnah, Talmud, and Rabbinic codes.

Rabbinic commentaries on the Mishnah over the next three centuries were redacted as the Gemara, which, coupled with the Mishnah, comprise the Talmud.

Most of the authorities quoted in the Mishnah lived after the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE ; it thus marks the beginning of the transition from Pharisaic to Rabbinic ( i. e. modern normative ) Judaism.

No single tractate of the key Rabbinic texts, the Mishnah and the Talmud, is devoted to theological issues ; these texts are concerned primarily with interpretations of Jewish law, and anecdotes about the sages and their values.

This tradition of study and debate reached its fullest expression in the development of the Talmudim, elaborations of the Mishnah and records of Rabbinic debates, stories, and judgements, compiled around 400 in Palestine and around 500 in Babylon.

Among Orthodox Jews it is used for books both of the Tanakh, the oral law ( Mishnah and Talmud ) or any work of Rabbinic literature.

Philosophical speculation was not a central part of Rabbinic Judaism, although some have seen the Mishnah as a philosophical work.

Rabbinic Judaism had limited philosophical activity until it was challenged by Islam, Karaism, and Christianity-with Tanach, Mishnah, and Talmud, there was no need for a philosophic framework.

" Consider also Rabbinic Hebrew תרמ √ trm ‘ donate, contribute ’ ( Mishnah: T ’ rumoth 1: 2: ‘ separate priestly dues ’), which derives from Biblical Hebrew תרומה t ' rūmå ‘ contribution ’, whose root is רומ √ rwm ‘ raise ’; cf.

Rabbinic literature holds that one who removes his circumcision has no portion in the world to come ( Mishnah Ab.

His followers were called Ananites and, like modern Karaites, do not believe the Rabbinic Jewish oral law ( such as the Mishnah ) to be divinely inspired.

The Tannaim ( Hebrew:, singular, Tanna " repeaters ", " teachers ") were the Rabbinic sages whose views are recorded in the Mishnah, from approximately 10-220 CE.

On the one hand, there are those oral traditions of Rabbinic exegesis ( Midrash ) and legal discussion ( Mishnah and Tosfeta ) that eventually began to be written down towards the end of the 2nd century AD.

The Jerusalem Talmud, talmud meaning " instruction ", " learning ", (, Talmud Yerushalmi, often Yerushalmi for short ), is a collection of Rabbinic notes on the 2nd-century Mishnah ( Jewish oral tradition ) which was compiled in the Land of Israel during the 4th-5th centuries, then divided between the Byzantine provinces of Palaestina Prima and Palaestina Secunda.

In contrast, Rabbinic Judaism relies on the legal rulings of the Sanhedrin, the highest court in ancient Israel, as they are codified in the Mishnah, Talmud, and other sources, to indicate the authentic meaning of the Torah.

The Mishnaic Hebrew language or Early Rabbinic Hebrew language is one direct ancient descendant of Biblical Hebrew as preserved by the Jews after the Babylonian captivity, and definitively recorded by Jewish sages in writing the Mishnah and other contemporary documents.

The oral law was subsequently codified in the Mishnah and Gemara, and is interpreted in Rabbinic literature detailing subsequent rabbinic decisions and writings.

Accordingly, they rejected the central works of Rabbinic Judaism which claimed to expound and interpret this written law, including the Mishnah and the Talmud, as authoritative on questions of Jewish law.

The kalal is mentioned specifically in the Mishnah ( Parah 3: 3, Eduyot 7: 5 ), Hebrew Rabbinic writings describe vessels hidden under the direction of Jeremiah the Prophet seven years prior to the destruction of Solomon's First Temple, because the dangers of Babylonian conquest were imminent.

The Mishnah, the central compilation of Rabbinic Oral Law, contains a tractate on the Red Heifer, Tractate Parah (" Cow ") in Seder Taharot, which explains the procedures involved.