The Old English language, current until approximately sometime after the time of the Norman Conquest in 1066, had a dative case ; however, the English case system gradually fell into disuse during the Middle English period, when in pronouns the accusative and dative merged into a single oblique case that was also used for all prepositions.

In the Norman period, the historic fifths of Leinster and Meath gradually merged, mainly due to the impact of the Pale, which straddled both, thereby forming the present-day province of Leinster.

Old English literature ( or Anglo-Saxon literature ) encompasses literature written in Old English ( also called Anglo-Saxon ) in Anglo-Saxon England, in the period from the 7th century to the Norman Conquest of 1066.

He wrote in his memoirs that he found this period very useful later on, when he entered politics, and that senior civil servant Norman Robertson tried unsuccessfully to persuade him to stay on.

Modern historians have extensively debated the extent to which Stephen's personality, external events or the weaknesses in the Norman state contributed to this prolonged period of civil war.

The period from the earliest recorded raids in the 790s until the Norman conquest of England in 1066 is commonly known as the Viking Age of Scandinavian history.

No new earl was appointed before the ensuing Norman Conquest of England, and as the Norman kings soon did away with the great earldoms of the late Anglo-Saxon period, 1066 marks the extinction of Wessex as a political unit.

In the Saxon period, the ruins of a Roman temple-mausoleum on the site of the villa were incorporated into a Christian chapel ( Lullingstane Chapel ) that was extant at the time of the Norman Conquest, one of the earliest known chapels in the country.

There is an early Norman period report that much land on the south of Hayling Island was lost to sea flood.

In the same period as the Norman conquest of England, they had taken Sicily, previously under the Arab Fatimid Caliphate.

Current archaeological work indicates that the site was reoccupied by a Muslim community in the Norman period.

There are two castles that remain in the city: Pepoli Castle, which dates from Saracen times, and the Venus Castle, dating from the Norman period, built on top of the ancient Temple of Venus, where Venus Ericina was worshipped.

After a period as a Norman kingdom, the Kingdom of Sicily was passed on to the Hohenstaufens who were a highly powerful Germanic royal house of Swabian origins.

Historian Norman Cantor who specialized in the medieval period, teaching and writing at Columbia and New York University, says in 1993: " It may be true that the Arabs had now fully extended their resources and they would not have conquered France, but their defeat ( at Tours ) in 732 put a stop to their advance to the north.

Unlike Old English, which tended largely to adopt Late West Saxon scribal conventions in the period immediately before the Norman conquest of England, written Middle English displays a wide variety of scribal ( and presumably dialectal ) forms.

Thus Norman came into use as a language of polite discourse and literature, and this fundamentally altered the role of Old English in education and administration, even though many Normans of the early period were illiterate and depended on the clergy for written communication and record-keeping.

Romanesque architecture, or Norman architecture as it is generally termed in England because of its association with the Norman invasion, had already established the basic architectural forms and units that were to remain in slow evolution throughout the Medieval period.

From the Norman period manorial organisation obtained through major lay and ecclesiastic magnates.

Dating from the late Norman period, it was transformed in the 13th century when the nave was shortened and the façade added.

In 1869 he commissioned the celebrated architect Richard Norman Shaw to enlarge and improve the house, and this was done over a period of 15 years.

" While these films were popular with audiences, one of her films from this period, Young Man of Manhattan, her only collaboration with her first husband, Norman Foster, received negative notices.

In the period immediately after the Norman Settlement was constructed the barrier, known as the " Pale ," separating the lands occupied by the settlers from those remaining in the hands of the Irish.

* Barry Dennen, in Norman Jewison's musical Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1973 ), portrayed a cruel Pilate who after suffering a prophetic dream ( which in the Gospel of Matthew is dreamed by Pilate's wife ) is very reluctant to put Christ to death, but succumbs to mob pressures.

In 1998 Norman missed part of the season after suffering hip and shoulder injuries.

Her husband, Sir Norman Everage, died in 1988 after many years in hospital suffering from prostate problems and a " testicular murmur "; Edna founded the non-profit " Friends of the Prostate " in his honour.

Norman Finkelstein argues that organizations such as the Anti-Defamation League have brought forward charges of new antisemitism at various intervals since the 1970s, " not to fight antisemitism but rather to exploit the historical suffering of Jews in order to immunize Israel against criticism ".

This man, Norman Jeffries, was working on Monroe's kitchen floor on Saturday morning, August 4, 1962 when Monroe walked over to him looking as if she were ill or suffering from insomnia, according to a story he told Anthony Summers in the early 1980s.

* August 12 – King Henry V of England begins using English in correspondence ( back to England from France whilst on campaign ), marking the beginning of this king's continuous usage of English in prose, and the beginning of the restoration of English as an official language for the first time since the Norman Conquest, some 350 years earlier.

Disappointed in the level of recompense and respect he received from William, in 1085 Edgar secured the king's permission to emigrate with a retinue of two hundred knights, to seek his fortune in the expanding Norman colony in southern Italy and Sicily.

At the time of the Norman conquest, Acomb manor was forested and was subject to the king's laws of the woods.

The term was first applied in Norman England to the king's officers charged with local administrative authority, such as sheriffs, mayors, hundreders — the chief officer of a territorial hundred — and the first civil officers of the Channel Islands.

Based on Merovingian ad hoc arrangements, using the form missus regis ( the " king's envoy ") and sending a layman and an ecclesiastic in pairs, the use of missi dominici was fully exploited by Charlemagne ( ruling 768 — 814 ), who made them a regular part of his administration, " a highly intelligent and plausible innovation in Carolingian government ", Norman F. Cantor observes, " and a tribute to the administrative skill of the ecclesiastics, such as Alcuin and Einhard ".

The castle was originally built in the 11th century as a projection of the Norman king's power in the north of England, as the population of England in the north remained " wild and fickle " following the disruption of the Norman Conquest in 1066.

Large areas surrounding Penkridge were placed by the Norman kings under Forest Law, a savage penal code designed to protest the ecology and wildlife for the king's enjoyment.

Being then on the king's good side, Owain was ordered to rendezvous with a Norman force to proceed against Gruffydd.

Cornwall was included in the survey, initiated by William the Conqueror, the first Norman king of England, which became known as the Domesday Book, where it is included as being part of the Norman king's new domain.

Norman is the supposed son of the Frenchman de Vac, once the king's fencing master, who has a grudge against his former employer and raises the boy to be a simple, brutal killing machine with a hatred of all things English.

From Henry II onwards, ira et malevolentia had come to describe the right of the king to express his anger and displeasure at particular barons or clergy, building on the Norman concept of malevoncia – royal ill-will.

Andrew Bridgeford has suggested that the tapestry was actually of English design and encoded with secret messages meant to undermine Norman rule.

It is unknown how much English the Norman invaders learned, nor how much the knowledge of French spread amongst the lower classes, but the demands of trade and simple communication probably meant that bilingualism was not unknown amongst both the Normans and the native English.

It would therefore have meant " one with a tail " — perhaps from the habit of animals displaying their tails in flight (" turning tail "), or from a dog's habit of putting its tail between its legs when it is afraid .. Like many other English words of French origin, this word was introduced in the English language by the French-speaking Normans, after the Norman conquest of England in 1066.

In court, Barry testified that he had been handed a musical manuscript of a work by Norman ( meant to become the theme ) and that he was to arrange it musically, and that he composed additional music and arranged the " James Bond Theme ".

His position as chaplain to Duke William meant that he was ‘ in the know ’ in the Norman Court, and as such had access to many official documents.

Deheubarth, like several other Welsh Petty kingdoms, continued to exist until the Norman Conquest of Wales, but constant power struggles meant that only for part of the time was it a separate entity with an independent ruler.

Family illnesses meant Waller and Povey were unable to commit to the band, and Jack Greenwood replaced Allan on drums in 2008, a year which also saw the death of their former producer, Norman Smith and ex-manager, Bryan Morrison.

Like other works in Old English, the rapid changes in the English language after the Norman Conquest meant that it simply would not have been understood between the twelfth and sixteenth centuries.

This also meant that he joined Norman Whiteside ( Manchester United in 1983 ) and Mark Hughes ( Manchester United in 1994 ) as players who have scored goals in both English domestic finals in the same year, although Drogba was the first player to end up on the winning team after scoring in both finals.

The Normans, despite not having a serious influence on townland names, adapted some of them for their own use, possibly seeing a similarity between the Gaelic baile and the Norman bailey, both of which meant a settlement.

But according to G. Norman Knight, " at that period, as often as not, by an ' index to a book ' was meant what we should now call a table of contents.

A. H. Ewen surmised that the rock's name meant " large rock at the edge " from the Norman language Or ( edge ) + Etac ( Stack ).