Egypt's final surrender following Cleopatra's death also marks the final demise of both the Hellenistic Period and the Ptolemaic Kingdom.

Late Period of ancient Egypt | Late Period or Ptolemaic Dynasty, 4th to 3rd century BC.

His worship spread to the Egyptian-controlled portion of Nubia in the Ptolemaic Period ( 305 – 30 BC ).

However, during the Third Intermediate Period, 2 / 3 were for women ; and women owned roughly a third of the hieratic paypri from the Late and Ptolemaic Periods.

Pachomius-Pakhet-Palestine-Pami-Pantheon ( gods )-Papyrus-Papyrus Harris I-Papyrus of Ani-Tewfik Pasha-Passage of the Red Sea-Pedubast I-Pelusium-Pepi I Meryre-Pepi II Neferkare-Petbe-Pope Peter of Alexandria-Flinders Petrie-Pharaoh-Philae-Philip III of Macedon-Phoenix ( mythology )-Piankh-Pi-hahiroth-Pinedjem I-Piye-Politics of Egypt-Polybus ( King of Thebes )-Port Safaga-Port Said-Precinct of Amun-Re-Precinct of Mut-Predynastic Egypt-Princess Fawzia Fuad of Egypt-Protodynastic Period of Egypt-Psammuthes-Psamtik I-Psamtik II-Psamtik III-Pschent-Psusennes I-Psusennes II-Psusennes III-Ptah-Ptahhotep-Ptolemaic dynasty-History of Ptolemaic Egypt-Ptolemy-Ptolemy I Soter-Ptolemy II Philadelphus-Ptolemy III Euergetes-Ptolemy IV Philopator-Decree of Memphis ( Ptolemy IV )-Ptolemy V Epiphanes-Ptolemy VI Philometor-Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator-Ptolemy VIII Physcon-Ptolemy IX Lathyros-Ptolemy X Alexander I-Ptolemy XI Alexander II-Ptolemy XII Auletes-Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator-Ptolemy XIV of Egypt-Land of Punt-Pylon ( architecture )-Pyramid-Bent Pyramid-Egyptian pyramids-Pyramid of Djoser-Pyramid of Khafre-Pyramid of Menkaure-Red Pyramid-Step pyramid-Pyramid of Unas-Pyramid Texts-Pyramidion-Pyramidology

These jars were used by Ancient Egyptians from the time of the Old Kingdom up until the time of the Late Period or the Ptolemaic Period, by which time the viscera were simply wrapped and placed with the body.

" The Ptolemaic Period ( 332 – 30 BC )".

While there is a temple of Opet at Karnak, dating to the Late Period and Ptolemaic era, " it was the cult of Taweret that gained particular importance over time.

* a statuette of the god Anubis as embalmer, Ptolemaic Period, c. 332-30 BC ( given by Mr. and Mrs. Myron Taylor in 1938 )

In addition to the various kings named Shoshenq, there were important state officials including High Priests bearing the same name from the Third Intermediate Period to the Ptolemaic Period.

" Kitchen also stresses that the period around the first month of Shemu days 1-5 marked the date of a Festival of Amun-Re at Karnak which is well attested during the New Kingdom Period, the 22nd Dynasty and through to the Ptolemaic period.

They were used from the Middle Kingdom ( around 1900 BC ) until the end of the Ptolemaic Period nearly 2000 years later.

: See also: North Africa during the Classical Period, Ptolemaic Egypt, Roman Egypt

" The Ptolemaic Period ( 332 – 30 BC )".

Middle Demotic ( c. 400 – 30 BC ) is the stage of writing used during the Ptolemaic Period.

But, as it was increasingly used for only literary and religious purposes, the written language diverged more and more from the spoken form, giving Late Demotic texts an artificial character, similar to the use of classical Middle Egyptian during the Ptolemaic Period.

Delegates from the principal clergies of the kingdom gathered in synod, under the patronage of the High Priest of Ptah and in the presence of the pharaoh, to establish the religious policy of country for years to come, also dictating fees and taxes, creating new foundations, and paying tribute to the Ptolemaic rulers.

Danti followed the Ptolemaic system, while already using the new cartographical system of Gerardus Mercator.

In 1890 Flinders Petrie discovered further papyrus fragments, which had been reused in constructing a 3rd century BCE Ptolemaic mummy case found in the Fayoum ; the palaeography suggested that the scroll was old before it was reused as waste, making these fragments the earliest surviving text of any Greek play ; the discovery occasioned a rash of new readings of the existing fragments.

Ptolemaic Terrascope is a magazine covering old and new music, usually of a psychedelic nature.

Ringmann corrected the texts of the Latin editions of Ptolemy's geography published previously at Rome and Ulm, using a Greek manuscript borrowed from Italy ( Codex Vaticanum Graecorum 191 ) while Waldseemüller edited the Ptolemaic maps and added twenty new ones.

The following year he married his sister, Cleopatra II, as it was customary for Pharaohs, for the Ptolemaic Greek kings had adopted many customs of the Pharaohs.

In 238 BCE, the Ptolemaic rulers decreed that every 4th year should be 366 days long rather than 365.

* Synchronisms with inscriptions relating to the burial of Apis bulls begin as early as the reign of Amenhotep III and continue into Ptolemaic times, but there is a significant gap in the record between Ramesses XI and the 23rd year of Osorkon II.

The cavernous underground temple, cut into the rock cliffs on the eastern side of the Nile, was admired and called the Speos Artemidos by the Greeks during their occupation of Egypt, known as the Ptolemaic Dynasty.

Being called Buto by the Greeks during Ptolemaic Egypt, a Greek dynasty ruling from 305 to 30 BC, it was the capital town, or according to Herodian, merely the principal village of the Nile Delta, which Herodotus ( l. c .) calls the Chemmite nome ; Ptolemy, the Phthenothite nome (, iv.

Macedo-Ptolemaic soldiers of the Ptolemaic kingdom, 100 BC, detail of the Nile mosaic of Palestrina.

After the defeat of the Ptolemaic forces at the Battle of the Nile, Caesar left Egypt and travelled through Syria, Cilicia and Cappadocia to fight Pharnaces, son of Mithridates VI.

Naucratis or Naukratis, (), loosely translated as "( the city that wields ) power over ships " ( Piemro in Egyptian, now Kom Gieif ), was a city of Ancient Egypt, on the Canopic branch of the Nile river, 45 mi ( 72 km ) SE of the open sea and the later capital of Ptolemaic Egypt, Alexandria.

Among the Romans, an Egypt that had been drawn into the Roman economic and political sphere was still a source of wonders: Ex Africa semper aliquid novi ; the exotic fauna of the Nile is embodied in the famous " Nilotic " mosaic from Praeneste, and Romanized iconographies were developed for the " Alexandrian Triad ", Isis, who developed a widespread Roman following, for Harpocrates, misconstrued as a " god of silence ", and for the Ptolemaic syncretism of Serapis.

Towards the close of the 2nd century BC, when the Ptolemaic and Seleucid kingdoms were equally depressed, the Nabataean kingdom came to the front.

Today's use of the Greek nome rather than the Egyptian term sepat came about during the Ptolemaic period.

The region eventually came to be controlled by the Ptolemaic dynasty, and the area became increasingly Hellenistic.

Cyprus came once again under Ptolemaic control in 294 BC and after that it remained under Ptolemaic rule until 58 BC, when it became a Roman province.

A large factor in the prosperity of the Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt came from the exploitation of the region's resources, both natural and human.

In the Ptolemaic system, the planets are assumed to move in a small circle called an epicycle, which in turn moves along a larger circle called a deferent.

He sent Lucullus to collect such a fleet as may be possible from Rome's allies along the eastern Mediterranean seaboard, first to the important but currently disturbed states of Cyrene and Ptolemaic Egypt.

Ptolemy II Philadelphus, emperor of Ptolemaic Egypt, may have forged an alliance with the Lihyanites in order to secure the incense route at Dedan, thereby rerouting the incense trade from Dedan to the coast along the Red Sea to Egypt.

The origins of the war lie in the continuing desire of many Greek states, most notably Athens and Sparta, for a restoration of their former independence along with the Ptolemaic desire to stir up discontent within the sphere of influence of its Macedonian rival.

This and other fears of the solar system have disappeared gradually, first, with the Ptolemaic system and its built-in concept of periodicity and then, more firmly, with the Newtonian innovation of an universal force that could account quantitatively for both terrestial and celestial motions.

So when textbooks, like that of Baker set out drawings of the ' Ptolemaic System ', complete with earth in the center and the seven heavenly bodies epicyclically arranged on their several deferents, we have nothing but a misleading 20th-century idea of what never existed historically.

Thus, Margenau remarks: `` A large number of unrelated epicycles was needed to explain the observations, but otherwise the ( Ptolemaic ) system served well and with quantitative precision.

Whatever the truth behind this, the young king was forced to depend heavily on his Ptolemaic support and even struck portraits with the characteristic features of king Ptolemy I.

An independent Athens was a minor power in the Hellenistic age ; it rarely had much in the way of foreign policy ; it generally remained at peace, allied either with the Ptolemaic dynasty, or later, with Rome ; when it went to war, the result ( as in the Lamian, Chremonidean, and Mithridatic War ) was usually disastrous.

In later times, during the Ptolemaic period, Anubis was merged with the Greek god Hermes, becoming Hermanubis.

Other than collecting works from the past, the library was also home to a host of international scholars, well-patronized by the Ptolemaic dynasty with travel, lodging and stipends for their whole families.

He rejected the " emission theory " of Ptolemaic optics with its rays being emitted by the eye, and instead put forward the idea that light reflected in all directions in straight lines from all points of the objects being viewed and then entered the eye, although he was unable to explain the correct mechanism of how the eye captured the rays.

The inscription in demotic conflicts with this, listing consecutive days in March for the decree and the anniversary ; although it is uncertain why such discrepancies exist, it is clear that the decree was issued in 196 BC and that it was designed to re-establish the rule of the Ptolemaic kings over Egypt.

The decree concludes with the instruction that a copy was to be placed in every temple, inscribed in the " language of the gods " ( hieroglyphs ), the " language of documents " ( demotic ), and the " language of the Greeks " as used by the Ptolemaic government.

He attempted to restore Seleucid power and prestige with a successful war against the old enemy, Ptolemaic Egypt, which met with initial success as the Seleucids defeated and drove the Egyptian army back to Alexandria itself.

Despite the clear collapse of their power, and the decline of their kingdom around them, nobles continued to play kingmakers on a regular basis, with occasional intervention from Ptolemaic Egypt and other outside powers.

The physical basis for Ptolemaic models invoked layers of spherical shells, though the most complex models were inconsistent with this physical explanation.

As an astronomer, Tycho worked to combine what he saw as the geometrical benefits of the Copernican system with the philosophical benefits of the Ptolemaic system into his own model of the universe, the Tychonic system.

Carnelian engraved gem | intaglio with a Ptolemaic dynasty | Ptolemaic queen, Hellenistic artwork, Cabinet des Médailles

By Ptolemaic times ( 305 – 30 BC ), Khoiak also included the planting of seeds in an " Osiris bed ", a mummy-shaped bed of soil, connecting the resurrection of Osiris with the seasonal growth of plants.

As noted by Frederic Kenyon, the papyrus was originally a roll probably about seventeen feet long and about ten inches high, written in the Ptolemaic period, with some Roman characteristics that indicate a transition between styles, somewhere around 50 BC.

This stone is a Ptolemaic era stele written with the same text in two Egyptian language scripts ( hieroglyphic and demotic ) and in classical Greek.

* The civil war between the northern and southern areas of Egypt ends with the arrest of Ankmachis by the Ptolemaic general Conanus.

When the Seleucid ruler captures the important eastern Mediterranean sea ports of Seleucia-in-Pieria, Tyre, and Ptolemais, Ptolemy IV's advisor, Sosibius, and the Ptolemaic court enter into delaying negotiations with the enemy, while the Ptolemaic army is reorganized and intensively drilled.