The Cathars were largely a homegrown, Western European / Latin Christian phenomenon, springing up in the Rhineland cities ( particularly Cologne ) in the mid-12th century, northern France around the same time, and particularly southern France — the Languedoc — and the northern Italian cities in the mid-late 12th century.

Arvernus was worshiped in the Rhineland, possibly as a particular deity of the Arverni tribe, though no dedications to Mercurius Arvernus occur in their territory in the Auvergne region of central France.

From France, they spread to the Rhineland of Germany, and to New France in North America.

He received the European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with five Bronze Service Stars for participation in the Tunisia, Southern France, Rome-Arno, Rhineland and Central Europe Campaigns.

Shortly after, France completely occupied the Rhineland, strictly controlling all important industrial areas.

Clemenceau replied that the alliance with America and Britain was of more value than an isolated France which held onto the Rhineland: " In fifteen years I will be dead, but if you do me the honour of visiting my tomb, you will be able to say that the Germans have not fulfilled all the clauses of the treaty, and that we are still on the Rhine ".

The settlers came primarily from the Rhineland, Flanders, and the Moselle region, with others from Thuringia, Bavaria, Wallonia, and even France.

Whistler recovered and traveled with fellow artist Ernest Delannoy through France and the Rhineland.

Originally made up of Westphalia and the Rhineland, after the Battle of France it was expanded to include the Eupen-Malmedy district of Belgium.

Austria signed the Treaty of Campo Formio in October, ceding Belgium to France and recognizing French control of the Rhineland and much of Italy.

He was elected to the Republic's National Convention in 1792, and was its envoy to the Rhineland, advocating the union of the Electorate of the Palatinate and other territories with France.

Lotharingia was a region in northwest Europe, comprising the Low Countries, the western Rhineland, the lands today on the border between France and Germany, and what is now western Switzerland.

Stresemann said that Germany alone should not make sacrifices for peace ; European countries should cede colonies to Germany ; the disarmament control commission should leave Germany ; the Anglo-French occupation of the Rhineland should be ended ; and Britain and France should disarm as Germany had done.

Germany officially recognized the post-World War I western border for the first time, and was guaranteed peace with France, and promised admission to the League of Nations and evacuation of the last Allied occupation troops from the Rhineland.

The resulting Truce of Ratisbon guaranteed the extended borders of France for twenty years, but Louis XIV's subsequent actions – notably his revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, and his attempt to extend his influence in the German Rhineland – led to the deterioration of his military and political dominance.

Louis XIV had considered William's invasion as a declaration of war between France and the Dutch Republic ( officially declared on 26 November ); but he did little to stop the invasion – his main concern was the Rhineland.

Austria signed the Treaty of Campo Formio in October, conceding Belgium to France and recognizing French control of the Rhineland and much of Italy.

The principal treaty concluded at Locarno was the " Rhineland Pact " between Germany, France, Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Italy.

The Rhineland shares a common history with the Rhenish Hesse, Luxembourg and the Palatinate in that in 1795 these areas came under the control of Napoleonic France.

Accordingly in 1848, there was a large proletarian class in the Rhineland and because of the influence of Napoleonic France they were educated and politically active.

During the Napoleonic Era, as noted above, the Rhineland west of the Rhine River was incorporated into France and feudal structures were crushed.

Marx would spend the next five years in France, Belgium, and England, waiting for a suitable moment to make a return to his native Rhineland.

The French took control of the Rhineland, imposed French-style reforms, abolished feudalism, established constitutions, promoted freedom of religion, emancipated Jews, opened the bureaucracy to ordinary citizens of talent, and forced the nobility to share power with the rising middle class.

That aggressive strategy worked as Germany pulled out of the League of Nations ( 1933 ), rejected the Versailles Treaty and began to re-arm ( 1935 ), won back the Saar ( 1935 ), remilitarized the Rhineland ( 1936 ), formed an alliance (" axis ") with Mussolini's Italy ( 1936 ), sent massive military aid to Franco in the Spanish Civil War ( 1936 – 39 ), seized Austria ( 1938 ), took over Czechoslovakia after the British and French appeasement of the Munich Agreement of 1938, formed a peace pact with Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union in August 1939, and finally invaded Poland in September 1939.

Joachim had given Brahms a letter of introduction to Robert Schumann, and after a walking tour in the Rhineland, Brahms took the train to Düsseldorf, and was welcomed into the Schumann family on arrival there.

The Ruhr Red Army, or Rote Soldatenbund, took over much of the demilitarized Rhineland unopposed.

The occupation of the Rhineland took place following the Armistice with Germany of 11 November 1918.

Although an invasion of Piedmont failed, an invasion of Spain across the Pyrenees took San Sebastián, and the French won a victory at the Battle of Fleurus, occupying all of Belgium and the Rhineland.

The region took its name first in the early 16th century, because it was by the Treaty of Pavia one of the main portions of the territory of the Wittelsbach Elector Palatine, who also ruled over the Lower Palatinate in the Rhineland, now normally just called the Palatinate, or Pfalz.

The main fighting took place around France's borders: in the Spanish Netherlands ; the Rhineland ; Duchy of Savoy ; and Catalonia.

The main fighting of the Nine Years ' War took place round France's borders: in the Spanish Netherlands ; the Rhineland ; Catalonia ; and Piedmont-Savoy.

Although an invasion of Piedmont failed, an invasion of Spain across the Pyrenees took San Sebastián, and the French won a victory at Fleurus, the French Aerostatic Corps use of the reconnaissance balloon L ' Entreprenant marked the first military use of an aircraft that had decisive influence on the outcome of the battle, and occupied all of Belgium and the Rhineland.

The Kosher Mart building was, until 1992, the Rhineland entrance of the Sky Ride-a ski lift transport ride which took you to Minetown, near the Kissing Tower and Twin Turnpike ( which is now the location of Great Bear ).

The occupation of the Rhineland took place following the Armistice.

Hitler took a risk when he sent his troops to the Rhineland.

This cartoon shows that the remilitarisation of Rhineland was the first step Hitler took towards abolishing the Treaty of Versailles.

With the end of the Rhineland Campaign, the 115th Infantry moved to the Central Europe Campaign on 22 March 1945, which continued until the end of Hostilities, which took place on 8 May 1945, but the campaign was not declared terminated until 11 May 1945.

From 1609 onwards, they had a territorial base in the vicinity, the Duchy of Cleves, the starting-point of the future Prussian Rhineland.

After the Congress of Vienna, Prussia was awarded with the entire Rhineland, which included the Grand Duchy of Berg, the ecclesiastic electorates of Trier and Cologne, the free cities of Aachen and Cologne, and nearly a hundred small lordships and abbeys.

Eventually, the Barrys end up in a Rhineland Duchy, where they win considerable sums of money and Redmond cleverly sets up a plan to marry a young countess of some means.

During the Napoleonic occupation of the Rhineland and Westphalia, Altena was re-joined with the now elevated Grand Duchy of Berg.

The new Kingdom of Prussia was very poor — still having not fully recovered from the devastation of the Thirty Years ’ War — and its territory was scattered across over: from the lands of the Duchy of Prussia on the south-east coast of the Baltic Sea, to the Hohenzollern heartland of Brandenburg, to the exclaves of Cleves, Mark and Ravensberg in the Rhineland.

In the course of the Black Death, widespread pogroms against Jews from 1348 occurred in the German Rhineland, causing an emigration in huge numbers to the Kingdom of Poland under Casimir the Great and to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under Vytautas granting them extensive privileges.

A widely spread belief in a Jesuit conspiracy to taint the new " Germany " gathered momentum, particularly focused against the regions in which Catholicism had a long-standing foothold, such as Bavaria, the Duchy of Baden, and the upper Rhineland, in the vicinity of the old Electorate of Cologne.

Sections of the Rhineland, that had once belonged to the Habsburg Netherlands Duchy of Limburg, were annexed by Belgium in the Treaty of Versailles.

The Duchy of Lower Lorraine or Lower Lotharingia ( also referred to sometimes as Lothier or Lottier in titles ), established in 959 was a stem duchy of the medieval German kingdom, which encompassed part of modern-day Belgium, the Netherlands, the northern part of the German Rhineland and a part of northern France east of the Schelde river.