Manishtushu's son and successor, Naram-Sin ( 2254 – 2218 BC ) ( Beloved of Sin ), assumed the imperial title " King Naram-Sin, king of the four quarters ( Lugal Naram-Sîn, Šar kibrat ' arbaim )", and, like his grandfather, was addressed as " the god ( Sumerian

In later Assyrian and Babylonian texts, the name Akkad, together with Sumer, appears as part of the royal title, as in the Sumerian LUGAL KI. EN. GIR < sup > KI </ sup > URU < sup > KI </ sup > or Akkadian Šar māt Šumeri u Akkadi, translating to " king of Sumer and Akkad ".

The Sumerian king Ur-Nammu ( 2112 – 2095 BC ) cleared the Gutians from Mesopotamia during his reign.

Excavations in modern-day Iraq by Ernest de Sarzec in 1877 found evidence of the earliest known code of justice, issued by the Sumerian king Urukagina of Lagash ca 2300 BC.

* Urukagina – Sumerian king and creator of what is sometimes cited as the first example of a legal code in recorded history.

Several parallel animal fables in Sumerian and Akkadian are among those that Erich Ebeling introduced to modern Western readers ; there are comparable fables from Egypt's Middle Kingdom, and Hebrew fables such as the " king of trees " in Book of Judges 9: 8-15 and " the thistle and the cedar tree " in II Kings 14: 9.

Urukagina, the king of the Sumerian city-state Lagash, established the first laws that forbade compelling the sale of property .< ref > Samuel Noah Kramer.

In several other Sumerian city-states, the ruling governor or king was also a head priest with the rank of ensi, such as at Lagash.

According to inscriptions describing the reforms of the Sumerian king Urukagina of Lagash ( ca.

So far evidence for the earliest periods of the Early Bronze Age in Mesopotamia is very limited. Mesh-Ane-pada is the first king mentioned in the Sumerian King List, and appears to have lived in the 26th century BC.

Southern Mesopotamia ( The Sealand Dynasty ) remained independent of Babylonia until Ulamburiash conquered it from Ea-gamil, a king with a distinctly Sumerian name, around 1450 BC.

Sumerian references to the Mar. tu (" tent dwellers " – considered to be Amorite ) country West of the Euphrates date from even earlier than Sargon, at least to the reign of the Sumerian king, Enshakushanna of Uruk.

Although Habiru ( a Sumerian ideogram glossed as " brigand " in Akkadian ), and sometimes ( an Akkadian word ) had been reported in Mesopotamia from the reign of the Sumerian king, Shulgi of Ur III, their appearance in Canaan appears to have been due to the arrival of a new state based in Asia Minor to the north of Assyria based upon Maryannu aristocracy of horse drawn charioteers, associated with the Indo-Aryan rulers of the Hurrians, known as Mitanni.

It is a general belief among scholars that a form of " Sacred Marriage " ritual or Hieros gamos was staged between the king of a Sumerian city-state and the High Priestess of Inanna, the Sumerian goddess of sexual love, fertility, and warfare, but to date there is no certain evidence that sexual intercourse was included.

The Kish Tablet or Scheil dynastic tablet is an early 2nd millennium BC tablet which came into possession of Jean-Vincent Scheil ; it only contains king list entries for four Sumerian cities.

The Dynastic Chronicle ( ABC 18 ) is a Babylonian king list written on six columns, beginning with entries for the antideluvian Sumerian rulers.

One of the most important of these early Mesopotamian deities was the god Enlil, who was originally a Sumerian divinity viewed as a king of the gods and a controller of the world, who was later adopted by the Akkadians.

The Sumerian king list is an ancient text in the Sumerian language listing kings of Sumer from Sumerian and foreign dynasties.

In the possibly mythical pre-dynastic period, the Sumerian king list portrays the passage of power from Eridu to Shuruppak in the south, until a flood occurred, from where it relocated to the northern city of Kish at the start of the Early Dynastic period.

The list, dating to c. 165 BC, contains a series of kings, equivalent to the Sumerian antediluvians called " Apkullu ".

An example from the small list of Sumerian disputations is the debate between bird and fish.

A Sumerian list of around 560 deities that did this was uncovered at Fâra and Tell Abû Ṣalābīkh and dated to circa 2600 BCE, ranking five primary deities as being of particular importance.

According to the Sumerian king list, Elam, Sumer's neighbor to the east, held the kingship in Sumer for a brief period, based in the city of Awan.

Enshakushanna was a king of Uruk in the later 3rd millennium BC who is named on the Sumerian king list, which states his reign to have been 60 years.

According to the Sumerian king list, " Larag " ( Sumerian: LA-RA-AK < sup > KI </ sup >) was one of the five cities to " exercise kingship " in the legendary antediluvian era.

The semi-mythical king Gilgamesh, according to the chronology presented in the Sumerian king list, ruled Uruk in the 27th century BC.

In myth, Uruk was founded by Enmerkar, who brought the official kingship with him, according to the Sumerian king list.

The Sumerian Ishkur appears in the list of gods found at Fara but was of far less importance than the Akkadian Adad later became, probably partly because storms and rain are scarce in southern Babylonia and agriculture there depends on irrigation instead.

In the Sumerian king list a king of Sippar, En-men-dur-ana, is listed as one of the early pre-dynastic

Ziusudra ( also Zi-ud-sura and Zin-Suddu ; Hellenized Xisuthros: " found long life " or " life of long days ") of Shuruppak is listed in the WB-62 Sumerian king list recension as the last king of Sumer prior to the deluge.

In the WB-62 Sumerian king list recension, Ziusudra, or Zin-Suddu of Shuruppak is recorded as having reigned as both king and gudug priest for 10 sars, or periods of 3, 600.

* Sumerian king list

The Sumerian king list states that it was the first city to have kings following the deluge, beginning with Jushur.

), who subdued it, according to the Sumerian king list.

the 25th century BC ) on the Sumerian king list.

* Gilgamesh reigned for 126 years according to the Sumerian king list.

In Sumerian, the single word kur had two meanings: ' hill ' and ' country '.

The Sumerian deity, Ningizzida, is accompanied by two gryphons Mushussu ; it is the oldest known image of two snakes coiling around an axial rod, dating from before 2000 BCE.

The oldest known representation of two snakes entwined around a rod is that of the Sumerian fertility god Ningizzida.

Sumerian has also been claimed to have two tenses ( past and present-future ), but these are currently described as completive and incompletive or perfective and imperfective aspects instead.

The Sumerian noun is typically a one or two syllable root ( igi " eye ", e < sub > 2 </ sub > " house, household ", nin " lady "), although there are also some roots with three syllables like šakanka " market ".

Following a brief Sumerian revival the empire broke up into two Akkadian states, Assyria in the north, and some time later Babylon in the south ( although Babylon was founded by invading Amorites, and was rarely ruled by native dynasties throughout its history ).

Whilst the full number of gods and goddesses found in Mesopotamia is not known, K. Tallqvist, in his Akkadische Götterepitheta ( 1938 ) counted around two thousand four hundred that we now know about, most of which had Sumerian names.

In the Sumerian language, the gods were referred to as dingir, whilst in the Akkadian language they were known as ilu and it seems that there was syncreticism between the gods worshipped by the two groups, adopting one another's deities.

In general, the structures follow the two main typologies of Sumerian architecture, Tripartite with 3 parallel halls and T-Shaped also with three halls, but the central one extends into two perpendicular bays at one end.

This characteristic is especially true of the region of Bahrain, whose name in Arabic means " two seas ", and which is thought to be the site of Dilmun, the original site of the Sumerian creation beliefs.

In René Labat's index system of Sumerian hieroglyphs / pictograms it is shown with two points up.

Examples of well-known demigods include the Celtic hero Cuchulain, the Sumerian king Gilgamesh ( who supposedly was actually two thirds god ), the ancient Germanic woodsman Ansel, and the Greek hero Heracles ( Roman Hercules ).

The name is from the Sumerian for " barley ", originally marking two festivals celebrating the beginning of each of the two half-years of the Sumerian calendar, marking the sowing of barley in autumn and the cutting of barley in spring, in the month of Nisannu ( Aries ).

Jungian analyst Betty De Shong Meador has translated works by Enheduanna and written two books on the subject, Inanna: Lady of Largest Heart and Princess, priestess, poet: the Sumerian temple hymns of Enheduanna.

The Afro-Asiatic Coptic language of ancient Egypt is one of the two oldest written language on Earth ( the other being the Sumerian language ) dating in written form to approximately 3000 BCE, and the Semitic Akkadian language was also attested in writing from a very early date ( ca.

After having recorded the album Sumerian Cry in 1989, vocalist / guitarist Johan Edlund and bassist Jörgen Thullberg parted ways with the other two founding members, and subsequently changed the name to Tiamat.

His name is composed of two Sumerian words meaning " young king " ( lugal: king ; banda: young, junior ; small ).

Lugalbanda prominently features as the hero of two Sumerian stories dated to the Ur III period ( 21st century BCE ), called by scholars Lugalbanda I ( or Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave ) and Lugalbanda II ( or Lugalbanda and the Anzu Bird ).

In these two stories, Lugalbanda is a soldier in the army of Enmerkar, whose name also appears in the Sumerian King List as the first king of Uruk and predecessor of Lugalbanda.