* The Tucano language of Brazil and Colombia, part of the Tucanoan family of languages

The Sioni peoples belong to the western Tucanoan language family, and their official languages are the Piohe ( or Pioche ) dialects and Spanish as well as a mixture of the two, which is sometimes called Pioche-Sione.

The great majority of present-day linguists fall into one or more of a number of overlapping types: those who are convinced that tone cannot be analysed, those who are personally scared of tone and tone languages generally, those who are convinced that tone is merely an unnecessary marginal feature in those languages where it occurs, those who have no idea how to proceed with tone analysis, those who take a simplistic view of the whole matter.

We need many more studies of this sort if the design of written languages is to be put on a sound basis.

The differentiation, however, is not very much greater, as shown by the fact that Athabascan shows 3.46 stems per meaning slot as against 2.75 for Yokuts, with a slightly greater number of languages represented in our sample: 24 as against 21.

It is evident that Swadesh has not only had much experience with basic vocabulary in many languages but has acquired great tact and feeling for the expectable behavior of lexical items.

The practical operational problem of lexicostatistics is the establishment of a basic list of items of meaning against which the particular forms or terms of languages can be matched as the medium of comparison.

But there is also a firm aspect to lexicostatistics: the aspect of learning the internal organization of obvious natural genetic groups of languages as well as their more remote and elusive external links ; ;

while Hewlett-Woodmere is the repository of art, music, and foreign languages.

Tergui music is sung in Tuareg languages generally, Tinariwen had a world wide success.

Afroasiatic ( alternatively Afro-Asiatic ), also known as Hamito-Semitic, is a large language family, including about 375 living languages.

* The Omotic language branch is the most controversial member of Afroasiatic, since the grammatical formatives which most linguists have given greatest weight in classifying languages in the family " are either absent or distinctly wobbly " ( Hayward 1995 ).

An alphabet is a standard set of letters ( basic written symbols or graphemes ) which is used to write one or more languages based on the general principle that the letters represent phonemes ( basic significant sounds ) of the spoken language.

Cyrillic is one of the most widely used modern alphabetic scripts, and is notable for its use in Slavic languages and also for other languages within the former Soviet Union.

The basic ordering of the Latin alphabet ( ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ) is well established, although languages using this alphabet have different conventions for their treatment of modified letters ( such as the French é, à, and ô ) and of certain combinations of letters ( multigraphs ).

However this ideal is not normally achieved in practice ; some languages ( such as Spanish and Finnish ) come close to it, while others ( such as English ) deviate from it to a much larger degree.

Altogether, Starostin concluded that the Altaic grouping was substantiated, though " older than most other language families in Eurasia, such as Indo-European or Finno-Ugric, and this is the reason why the modern Altaic languages preserve few common elements ".

It is first attested by an inscription dated to 1224 or 1225 AD and by the Secret History of the Mongols, written in 1228 ( see Mongolic languages ).

The prehistory of the peoples speaking these languages is largely unknown.

Related to this is lexicostatistics, which attempts to determine the degree of relation between a set of languages by comparing the percentage of basic vocabulary ( words like " I ", " you ", " heart ", " stone ", " two ", " be ", " and ") they share in common.

However Juhanen ( 1992 ) is skeptical about an affiliation of Japanese to Altaic languages, while Róna-Tas ( 1998: 77 ) remarked that a relationship between Altaic and Japanese, if it ever existed, must be more remote than the relationship of any two of the Indo-European languages.

In 1804, the German chemist Friedrich Sertürner isolated from opium a " soporific principle " (), which he called " morphium " in honor of Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams ; in German and some other Central-European languages, this is still the name of the drug.

In the context of the Indo-Aryan languages ( e. g. Sanskrit and Hindi ) and comparative Indo-European studies, breathy-voiced consonants are often called voiced aspirated, as in e. g. the Hindi and Sanskrit stops normally denoted bh, dh, ḍh, jh, and gh and the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European phoneme gʷh.

A program that translates between high-level languages is usually called a language translator, source to source translator, or language converter.

Chagas disease (;,,,, mal de Chagas in both languages ; also called American trypanosomiasis ) is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi.

Four of the characters in " Think Blue, Count Two " are called " Thirteen " in different languages: Tiga-belas ( both in Indonesian and Malay ), Trece ( Spanish ), Talatashar ( based on an Arabic dialect form < big > ثلاث عشر </ big >, thalāth ʿashar ) and Sh ' san ( based on Mandarin 十三, shísān, where the " í " is never pronounced ).

Cushitic was traditionally seen as also including the Omotic languages, then called West Cushitic.

In publications of 1647 and 1654, Marcus van Boxhorn first described a rigid methodology for historical linguistic comparisons and proposed the existence of an Indo-European proto-language ( which he called " Scythian ") unrelated to Hebrew, but ancestral to Germanic, Greek, Romance, Persian, Sanskrit, Slavic, Celtic and Baltic languages.

A dictionary ( also called a wordbook, lexicon or vocabulary ) is a collection of words in one or more specific languages, often listed alphabetically, with usage information, definitions, etymologies, phonetics, pronunciations, and other information ; or a book of words in one language with their equivalents in another, also known as a lexicon.

However, the term dialect always implies a relation between languages: if language X is called a dialect, this implies that the speaker considers X a dialect of some other language Y, which then usually is some standard language.

Language varieties are often called dialects rather than languages:

An opposite example is the case of Chinese, whose variations such as Mandarin and Cantonese are often called dialects and not languages, despite their mutual unintelligibility, because the word for them in Mandarin, 方言 fāngyán, was mistranslated as " dialect " because it meant " regional speech ".

Under the influence of English, which uses the preposition " to " for both indirect objects ( give to ) and directions of movement ( go to ), the term " dative " has sometimes been used to describe cases that in other languages would more appropriately be called lative.

The World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ), founded in 1994 to promote open standards for the World Wide Web, brought Netscape Communications and Microsoft together with other companies to develop a standard for browser scripting languages, called " ECMAScript.

Other colourful nicknames are found in other languages ; in Hungarian, for instance, the double bass is sometimes called nagy bőgő, which roughly translates as " big crier ," referring to its large voice.

Dionysius of Halicarnassus ( book 1 ) rejected this account of the people he called the Tyrrhenians, partly on the authority of Xanthus, a Lydian historian, who had no knowledge of the story, and partly on what he judged to be the different languages, laws, and religions of the two peoples.

In most other languages, these relationships are regular enough to be called rules.

He felt called upon to use his learning in a purification of the doctrine by returning to the historic documents and original languages of sacred Scripture.

In Akkadian the river was similarly called Purattu, which has been perpetuated in Semitic languages ( cf.

Just as with those languages, it may be called from the command line or via an executable file.

By the first century BC Germanic languages had become prevalent, and the inhabitants were called Belgæ while the area was the coastal district of Gallia Belgica, the most northeastern province of the Roman Empire at its height.

Some special purpose languages such as Coq allow only well-founded recursion and are strongly normalizing ( nonterminating computations can be expressed only with infinite streams of values called codata ).

Five of these formats are called basic formats and others are termed extended formats, and three of these are especially widely used in computer hardware and languages:

The Germanic peoples ( also called Teutonic or Gothic in older literature ) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin, identified by their use of the Germanic languages which diversified out of Proto-Germanic during the Pre-Roman Iron Age.

Constructed languages ( also called planned languages or conlangs ) are more common in the modern day.