In every war of the United States since the Civil War the South was more belligerent than the rest of the country.

Thus, to cite but one example, the Pax Britannica of the nineteenth century, whether with the British navy ruling the seas or with the City of London ruling world finance, was strictly national in motivation, however much other nations ( e.g., the United States ) may have incidentally benefited.

National responsibility for individual welfare is a concept not limited to the United States or even to the Western nations.

( Since the time-span of the nation-state coincides roughly with the separate existence of the United States as an independent entity, it is perhaps natural for Americans to think of the nation as representative of the highest form of order, something permanent and unchanging.

In recent weeks, as a result of a sweeping defense policy reappraisal by the Kennedy Administration, basic United States strategy has been modified -- and large new sums allocated -- to meet the accidental-war danger and to reduce it as quickly as possible.

Its radar screens would register Soviet missiles shortly after they are launched against the United States.

In 1938, at the insistence of Arturo Toscanini, Steinberg left Germany for the United States, by way of Switzerland.

After he had spent the first three years in New York as associate conductor, at Toscanini's invitation, of the NBC Orchestra, he made numerous guest appearances throughout the United States and Latin America.

`` Then I return to the United States for engagements at the Hollywood Bowl and in Philadelphia '', he added.

The difference came down to this: The Southern States insisted that the United States was, in last analysis, what its name implied -- a Union of States.

`` we the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common Defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America ''.

The 140,414 Americans who gave `` the last full measure of devotion '' to prevent disunion, preserved individual freedom in the United States from the dangers of anarchy, inherent in confederations, which throughout history have proved fatal in the end to all associations composed primarily of sovereign states, and to the liberties of their people.

There one finds concentrated in a comparatively small area the chief universities, colleges, and preparatory schools of the United States.

The rise of the giant corporations in Western Europe and the United States dates from the period 1880-1900.

He says: `` beside the Protestant philosophy of Progress, as expressed in radical or conservative millenarianism, should be placed the doctrine of the democratic faith which affirmed it to be the duty of the destiny of the United States to assist in the creation of a better world by keeping lighted the beacon of democracy ''.

During the next five years liberal leaders in the United States sank in the cumulative confusion attendant upon and manifested in a negative policy of Containment -- and the bitterest irony -- enforced and enforceable only by threat of a weapon that we felt the greatest distaste for but could not abandon: the atom bomb.

And here again we hear the same refrain mentioned above: `` the paramount goal of the United States set long ago was to guard the rights of the individual, ensure his development, enlarge his opportunity ''.

`` I arrived in the United States with the idea of establishing myself there more or less permanently and finding inspiration for new compositions ''.

This is the good kind of sophistication, and with all our problems and crises this kind of sophistication has flowered in the United States during recent years.

but Wright stayed in the United States.

Generally, punitive damages, which are also termed exemplary damages in the United Kingdom, are not awarded in order to compensate the plaintiff, but in order to reform or deter the defendant and similar persons from pursuing a course of action such as that which damaged the plaintiff.

With Askin's death, investigative journalists were freed from the threat of legal action under Australia's punitive defamation laws — unlike the United States, Australia has no constitutional guarantee of freedom of speech and there is no precedent like that in US law that makes truth an absolute defence.

The main exception is in insurance bad faith cases in the United States, where the insurer's breach of contract is alleged to be so egregious as to amount to a breach of the " implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing ," and is therefore considered to be a tort cause of action eligible for punitive damages ( in excess of the value of the insurance policy ).

Punitive damages are a focal point of the tort reform debate in the United States, where numerous highly publicized multi-million dollar verdicts have led to a fairly common perception that punitive damage awards tend to be excessive.

In response to judges and juries which award high punitive damages verdicts, the Supreme Court of the United States has made several decisions which limit awards of punitive damages through the due process of law clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.

The United States did not pass a law, but instead placed a " punitive tax " on white phosphorus-based matches, one so high as to render their manufacture financially impractical, in 1913.

Although England, the Dutch Republic and Sweden had signed a Triple Alliance against France in 1668 to prevent that country from occupying the Spanish Netherlands, Charles II of England signed the secret Treaty of Dover with France in 1670, entailing that England would join Louis XIV of France in a punitive campaign against the United Provinces.

In 1981, the increased tensions around the Poona ashram, along with criticism of its activities and threatened punitive action by the Indian authorities, provided an impetus for the ashram to relocate to the United States.

The resulting libel suit, Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., reached the United States Supreme Court, which held that a state may allow a private figure such as Gertz to recover actual damages from a media defendant without proving malice, but that a public figure does have to prove actual malice, according to the standard laid out in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, in order to recover presumed damages or punitive damages.

The Benin Expedition of 1897 was a punitive expedition by a United Kingdom force of 1, 200 under Admiral Sir Harry Rawson in response to the defeat of a previous British-led invasion force under Acting Consul General James Philips ( which had left all but two men dead ).

* Formosan Expedition a punitive expedition launched in 1867 by the United States against Formosa for the massacre of American sailors

* United States expedition to Korea, an 1871 diplomatic expedition that turned into a punitive expedition when Korea fired on American ships

Congresswoman Jane Harman maintained that the United States needs a universal healthcare program to guarantee coverage to all Americans regardless of income and affirms there should be pre-established limits on the amount of punitive damages awarded in medical malpractice lawsuits.

In upholding summary judgment for American Airlines on punitive damages the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit explained:

After a subsequent failed punitive expedition carried out by Rear Admiral Henry H. Bell of the United States Navy, Le Gendre again returned to Formosa — this time without any reference to his superiors.

Sitting governor Gabriel Slaughter had lobbied for some measures favored by the state's debtors, particularly punitive taxes against the branches of the Bank of the United States in Louisville and Lexington.

After the war she maintained her internationalist views, opposing the punitive terms of the Treaty of Versailles and serving as the United Kingdom substitute delegate to the League of Nations.

In 1984, the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the family's right to sue under state law for punitive damages from a federally regulated industry.

To avoid inquiry and punitive action by the United States Federal Trade Commission, cosmeceuticals which do not intend to be regulated as drugs by the FDA are carefully labeled to avoid making statements which would indicate that the product has drug properties.

For example, in the United States, it is easier to get punitive damages ( damages above and beyond compensatory damages ) if one can prove that the tort was intentional.

Judges in the United Kingdom base the award on damages awarded in similar previous cases.

For example, United States Civil Code 18 USC §§ 2520 provides for statutory damages to victims of various wiretapping offences.

Perhaps the most famous nominal damages award in modern times has been the $ 1 verdict against the National Football League ( NFL ) in the 1986 antitrust suit prosecuted by the United States Football League.

Congress has enacted section 1912 of title 28 of the United States Code providing that in the United States Supreme Court and in the various courts of appeals where litigation by the losing party has caused damage to the prevailing party, the court may impose a requirement that the losing party pay the prevailing party for those damages.

It was the most damaging storm in the history of the United States, causing upwards of $ 80 billion in damages, and leaving over 1, 800 dead.

* 1941 – World War II: German bombing severely damages the Llandaff Cathedral in Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.

* 2011 – A winter storm hit North America for the second time in the same month, causing $ 1. 8 billion in damages across the United States and Canada and killing 24 people.

On July 3, 2007, the Court ( through the original three-judge panel ) ruled ( 1 ) that the taxpayer's compensation was received on account of a non-physical injury or sickness ; ( 2 ) that gross income under section 61 of the Internal Revenue Code does include compensatory damages for non-physical injuries, even if the award is not an " accession to wealth ," ( 3 ) that the income tax imposed on an award for non-physical injuries is an indirect tax, regardless of whether the recovery is restoration of " human capital ," and therefore the tax does not violate the constitutional requirement of Article I, Section 9, Clause 4, that capitations or other direct taxes must be laid among the states only in proportion to the population ; ( 4 ) that the income tax imposed on an award for non-physical injuries does not violate the constitutional requirement of Article I, Section 8, Clause 1, that all duties, imposts and excises be uniform throughout the United States ; ( 5 ) that under the doctrine of sovereign immunity, the Internal Revenue Service may not be sued in its own name.

* David James Lindsey, a Melbourne man so declared after repeatedly suing doctors, insurance firms and companies such as Carlton & United Breweries for smoking-related damages.

For example, in the United States, most whistleblower protection laws provide for limited " make whole " remedies or damages for employment losses if whistleblower retaliation is proven.

Civil juries are available in theory in the United States and Canada in almost all cases where the only remedy sought is money damages, although in practice they are sought only in large dollar cases.

Punitive damages are a settled principle of common law in the United States.

Under the 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution, federal courts are generally prohibited from exercising jurisdiction in civil lawsuits for money damages between a state government and a private party.

The United States Court of Federal Claims has exclusive jurisdiction over most claims for money damages against the United States, including disputes over federal contracts, unlawful takings of private property by the federal government, and suits for injury on federal property or by a federal employee.