In the absence of an official definition for the pearl from the black oyster, these pearls are usually referred to as " black pearls ".

Sir Harry Hinsley, official historian of British Intelligence in World War II, made a similar assessment about Ultra, saying that it shortened the war " by not less than two years and probably by four years "; and that, in the absence of Ultra, it is uncertain how the war would have ended.

" In the absence of an official code, private publishers once again collected the more recent statutes into unofficial codes.

On January 15 Deng Xiaoping delivered Zhou's official eulogy in a funeral attended by all of China's most senior leaders with the notable absence of Mao himself, who had grown increasingly critical of Zhou.

Bohumil Hrabal became the most prominent of the contemporary prose authors, with his works full of colloquialisms and non-traditional narrative structures, and the absence of official moral frameworks.

It is unknown whether he intended this to be interpreted as his official coronation as King of Jerusalem ; in any case the absence of the patriarch, Gerald, rendered it questionable.

The concept is based on the law of one price, where in the absence of transaction costs and official trade barriers, identical goods will have the same price in different markets when the prices are expressed in the same currency.

Prior to the invention of cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ), defibrillation, epinephrine injection, and other treatments in the 20th century, the absence of blood circulation ( and vital functions related to blood circulation ) was historically considered to be the official definition of death.

The flag was made official on 18 October 1817 by a decree, of which only indirect references to the absence of a copy thereof, which was officially presented during the Pledge of Independence ceremony on 12 February 1818, a ceremony in which the bearer was Tomás Guido.

MGM has stated that the official reason for Kids Incorporated's absence from the DVD and TV markets has not been because of domestic or music rights, but because of recent financial changes to the companies involved with the series.

Since the foundation of the state Dáil business had been relatively calm as the relatively small Labour party functioned as the official opposition in the absence of die-hard Republicans.

The City Council members include the city's Mayor who is responsible for serving as meeting chair and official spokesman for the City Council, and the Mayor Pro Tem who is responsible for performing the Mayor's duties in the latter's absence, both of whom are elected every two years by their fellow council members.

The absence of official documentation and certain aspects of Suharto's early life that are inconsistent with that of a Javanese peasant ( Suharto received, for example, an education fairly early on ), has led to several rumours of Suharto being the illegitimate child of a well-off benefactor, which included being the child of a Yogyakarta aristocrat or a well-off Chinese Indonesian merchant.

) and Mail Art, what sets the creative postal network apart from any traditional artistic movement, school or group ( including Fluxus ) is its complete openness, an absence of hierarchies, and a disregard for the rules of the official " art system " and the commercialism of the art market.

The official duties of the deputy prime minister are to answer questions pertaining to overall government policy during Question Period, and to chair the cabinet in the absence of the prime minister.

Although his condolences were accounted for, rank-appropriate, during Communist elder Bo Yibo's funeral, his absence prompted speculation that Huang's critical condition was preventing him from carrying out his official duties.

She also acted as editor to The Liberator in Garrison ’ s absence and was on the editorial committee of the National Anti-Slavery Standard, the official mouthpiece of the AAS.

It was, then, Henry Percy the second, Lord of Alnwick, who began the re-building of the castle ; he also was jointly responsible for the safety of the realm during the absence of Edward III in the French wars, and in this official capacity he helped to win the battle of Neville's Cross.

A major part of dōjinshi, whether based on mainstream publications or original, contains sexually explicit material, due to both the large demand for such publications and absence of restrictions official publishing houses have to follow.

A curious aspect of the official design is the absence of a segment of the Tropic of Capricorn, between the national shield and the ecliptic arc.

The Socreds made these attempts despite their almost complete absence of political compatibility in order to get recognition as an official party in the House of Commons.

Factors in play at the time include the newness of Alaska as a state and the previous absence of electoral politics in many of the rural communities, creating an environment which made it hard to attract candidates to file for office during the official filing period.

The official government investigation concluded that the engine cut out because it became too cold in the absence of the cowl flaps.

Although the Lao language is vibrant in Thailand, spoken as the main language in 88 % of speakers ’ households, the language suffers from reduced transmission and its absence in media, official events, and education.

If we sit here reading editorials and looking at public-opinion polls and other reports that cross our desks, we should realize that this is raw, undigested opinion expressed in the absence of leadership.

As a third issue, philosophers who dispute the validity of the Turing test may feel that it is possible, at least in principle, for verbal report to be dissociated from consciousness entirely: a philosophical zombie may give detailed verbal reports of awareness in the absence of any genuine awareness.

On the other hand, there are believers who assert that some lakes do have reports of monsters, despite an absence of pinewoods ; a notable example would be the Irish lough monsters.

Finally, the hearsay theory does not explain the absence of chop stick or foot binding reports.

Lewisohn also reports that, in the case of " Back in the U. S. S. R .", also recorded during Starr's absence, the three remaining Beatles each made contributions on bass and drums, with the result that those parts may be composite tracks played by Lennon, McCartney and / or Harrison.

However, in the absence of eyewitness reports from multiple observers at multiple locations on Earth for the same event, these must be regarded with caution.

These strategies were supported by the reports of Western election observers ," and that " all these breakthrough elections have been accomplished with the vigorous participation of civic groups that support free and fair elections by monitoring the media, carrying out voter education, publicizing the platforms of candidates in the absence of a free press, training election observers, conducting polls and so on.

Hearing reports that the Spartan garrison in Orchomenus had left for Locris, Pelopidas quickly set out with the Sacred Band and a few cavalry, hoping to capture it in their absence.

Historian Moshe Sharon dismisses that asserion however, citing the absence of their claims in any Jewish sources and the earlier Muslim reports.

There is a tendency at every HQ to create their own reports in the absence of detailed guidelines.

There are conflicting reports as to whether he went with them ; some news reports say that he went, but the 9 / 11 Commission Report says he stayed in Germany and helped cover for them in their absence.

For example, one study reports that Germany was considered a democratic state by Western opinion leaders at the end of the 19th century ; yet in the years preceding World War I, when its relations with the United States, France and Britain started deteriorating, Germany was gradually reinterpreted as an autocratic state, in absence of any actual regime change.

In the absence of official reports of the proceedings, microblogs churned out a flood of speculation, including rumours of a coup.

One published attempt to create a " haunted room " using environmental " complex " electromagnetic fields based on Persinger's theoretical and experimental work did not produce the sensation of a " sensed presence " and found that reports of unusual experiences were uncorrelated with the presence or absence of these fields.

The open letter says that the level of the expert reports has dropped to such an extent that it is often a matter of not only the absence of entire sections of a report, even such as the substantiation of its findings, and not only the gross contradiction of its findings to the descriptive section of the report, but it is often a matter of concrete statements which are so contrary to generally accepted scientific terms that doubts about the disinterestedness of the experts arise.

* In 1909, the U. S. Geological Survey reports: " In regard to general cleanliness, such as absence of smoke and disagreeable odors, alcohol has many advantages over gasoline or kerosene as a fuel … The exhaust from an alcohol engine is never clouded with a black or grayish smoke.

In the memo FDA also notes the " absence of mandatory reporting enforcement of H-IT safety issues limits the numbers of medical device reports ( MDRs ) and impedes a more comprehensive understanding of the actual problems and implications.

He took a medical leave of absence in the wake of news reports that he might have been involved in improper sexual activity during his time as an Air Force chaplain.

Apart from their scientific interest, his annual reports are of great practical importance, since they afford engineers and others engaged in water supply much-needed data for their calculations, the former absence of which had on some occasions given rise to grave mistakes.

VAERS has several limitations, including unverified reports, underreporting, inconsistent data quality, and absence of an unvaccinated control group.

Like other spontaneous reporting systems, VAERS has several limitations, including underreporting, unverified reports, inconsistent data quality, absence of a control group that is not vaccinated, and inadequate data about the number of people vaccinated.

In January 2009, Muhammed Al-Umair, Director of Colleges in the Eastern Province opened an investigation into the Girls Education College following reports of piles of garbage lying about the college going uncollected for weeks and alleged late-night break ins by Asian workers exploiting the absence of security guards and staff.

Although initial reports suggested that the PCNA-MutSα complex may enhance mismatch recognition, it has been recently demonstrated that there is no apparent change in affinity of MutSα for a mismatch in the presence or absence of PCNA.