In the case of the circularly polarized light, the field strength remains constant from plane to plane but its direction steadily changes in a rotary type manner.

A wave produced by moving your hand in a circle is a circularly polarized wave, another special case.

In two dimensions, if we define A as the Abel transform operator, F as the Fourier transform operator and H as the zeroth order Hankel transform operator, then the special case of the projection-slice theorem for circularly symmetric functions states that:

For example, in two dimensions, if we define A as the Abel transform operator, F as the Fourier transform operator and H as the zeroth-order Hankel transform operator, then the special case of the Projection-slice theorem for circularly symmetric functions states that:

In the case of RealD a circularly polarizing liquid crystal filter which can switch polarity many times per second is placed on front of the projector lens.

In this case, polarimetry can be used to estimate the fine texture of a material, help resolve the orientation of small structures in the target, and, when circularly-polarized antennas are used, resolve the number of bounces of the received signal ( the chirality of circularly polarized waves alternates with each reflection ).

In the case of linearly and circularly polarized light, at each point in space, there is always a single electric field with a distinct vector direction, the quarter-wave plate merely has the effect of transforming this single electric field.

In this case the solutions are elliptically polarized electromagnetic waves with phase velocities ( where μ is the magnetic permeability ).

In the case of the linearly polarized light, the field strength from plane to plane varies from a maximum in one direction, down to zero, and then back up to a maximum in the opposite direction.

In the case of partially polarized radiation, the Jones vector varies in time and space in a way that differs from the constant rate of phase rotation of monochromatic, purely polarized waves.

The latter case gives rise to the concept of the " degree of polarization "; i. e., the fraction of the total intensity contributed by the completely polarized component.

For example, this is the case with macroscopic crystals of calcite, which present the viewer with two offset, orthogonally polarized images of whatever is viewed through them.

The solution of Maxwell's equations for the lowest order bound mode will permit a pair of orthogonally polarized fields in the fiber, and this is the usual case in a communication fiber.

In this case, though, the reflection from the far end is polarized identically with the original pulse and adds to it rather than cancelling it out.

A wave produced by moving your hand in a line, up and down for instance, is a linearly polarized wave, a special case.

Depending on the propagational direction, the wave can take on different surface characteristics ; for example, in the case of horizontally polarized S waves, the ground moves alternately to one side and then the other.

In this case, the principal axes are complex-valued vectors, corresponding to elliptically polarized light, and time-reversal symmetry can be broken.

To minimize the likelihood of a polarized electrolytic being incorrectly inserted into a circuit, polarity is very clearly indicated on the case.

So exchanging the order of two appropriately polarized operator insertions into the vacuum can be done by a rotation, at the cost of a sign in the half integer case.

In that case, he could have concluded that photon 2 turned out to be polarized at 45 °.

A polarized plug is used to maintain the identity of the neutral conductor into the appliance but it is never used as a chassis / case ground.

The non-ionized forms of drugs are usually easier to absorb, because they will not be repelled by the lipidic bylayer of the cell, most of them can be absorbed by passive diffusion, unless they are too big or too polarized ( like glucose or vancomicyn ), in which case they may have or not specific and non specific transporters distributed on the entire intestine internal surface, that carries drugs inside the body.

The percentage of light reflected from a non-metallic ( dielectric ) surface varies strongly with the direction of polarisation and the angle of incidence ; this is not the case for an electric conductor such as a metal ( as an illustration of this, sunlight reflected from a horizontal surface such as a reflective road surface or water is attenuated by polarized sunglasses relative to direct light ; this is not the case if the light is reflected from a metallic surface ).

In particular, Conant's study of the comprehensive American high school ( 1959 ) resolved a heavily polarized public debate over the purposes of public secondary education, making the case that schools could adequately educate both the academically gifted and the average student.

In the case of the same linearly polarized antenna, this is the plane containing the magnetic field vector and the direction of maximum radiation.

In the case of the ancient Greeks — specifically the Athenians — the book claims that the sexual roles of the lovers were sharply polarized.

In that case the acoustic wave equation is written as

At extremely rare intervals the thermometer has fallen below zero (- 18 ° C ), as was the case in the remarkable cold wave of the 12th-13 February 1899, when an absolute minimum of-17 ° F (- 29 ° C ) was registered at Valley Head.

It is possible to obtain a qualitative understanding of many diffraction phenomena by considering how the relative phases of the individual secondary wave sources vary, and in particular, the conditions in which the phase difference equals half a cycle in which case waves will cancel one another out.

In the case of particles like electrons, neutrons and atoms, the coherence length is related to the spatial extent of the wave function that describes the particle.

For the case of a carrier modulated by a single sine wave, the resulting frequency spectrum can be calculated using Bessel functions of the first kind, as a function of the sideband number and the modulation index.

By clicking and popping up a pie menu, looking at the labels, moving the pointer in the desired direction, then clicking to make a selection, you learn the menu and practice the gesture to " mark ahead " (" mouse ahead " in the case of a mouse, " wave ahead " in the case of a dataglove ).

In the case of tunneling, the tip and sample wave functions overlap such that when under a bias, there is some finite probability to find the electron in the barrier region and even on the other side of the barrier.

In the case of the single-moded plane wave, is a uniform distribution.

In the second form given above, the phase is often generalized to, by replacing the wavenumber k with a wave vector that specifies the direction and wavenumber of a plane wave in 3-space, parameterized by position vector r. In that case, the wavenumber k, the magnitude of k, is still in the same relationship with wavelength as shown above, with v being interpreted as scalar speed in the direction of the wave vector.

Although this picture is somewhat simplified ( to the non-relativistic case ), it is adequate to capture the essence of current thinking on the phenomena historically called " wave – particle duality ".

Although the above statements are meaningless in the case of waves that do not require a medium, they reveal a characteristic that is relevant to all waves regardless of origin: within a wave, the phase of a vibration ( that is, its position within the vibration cycle ) is different for adjacent points in space because the vibration reaches these points at different times.

In the case of a periodic function F with period λ, that is, F ( x + λ − vt ) = F ( x − vt ), the periodicity of F in space means that a snapshot of the wave at a given time t finds the wave varying periodically in space with period λ ( the wavelength of the wave ).

The amplitude of a wave may be constant ( in which case the wave is a c. w.

As a result, the simple case of a single sinusoidal wave can be applied to more general cases.

It is well known from the theory of Fourier analysis, or from the Heisenberg uncertainty principle ( in the case of quantum mechanics ) that a narrow range of wavelengths is necessary to produce a localized wave packet, and the more localized the envelope, the larger the spread in required wavelengths.

The wave equation in the one dimensional case can be derived from Hooke's law in the following way: Imagine an array of little weights of mass m interconnected with massless springs of length h.

The wave equation is obtained by letting in which case takes the form where is continuous function of two variables, takes the form and

A more general representation of the wave equation is more complex, but the role of amplitude remains analogous to this simple case.

The amplitude may be constant ( in which case the wave is a continuous wave ) or may vary with time and / or position.