Because Justice John Paul Stevens had recused himself, only eight Justices heard the case, and it ended in a 4 – 4 tie.

One possible derivation is from the proto-Germanic word * bastjan ( from Proto-Indo-European root word * b < sup > h </ sup > as ) means " binding " or " tie ".< ref > Köbler * b < sup > h </ sup > as </ ref > In this case, Bastarnae may have had the original meaning of an alliance or bund of tribes.

The mayor's duties include running city council meetings and approves or vetoes all actions taken by the council members, and can vote in case of a tie.

The competitor with the longest single legal throw ( over all rounds ) is the winner ; in the case of a tie the competitors ' second-longest throws are also considered.

In the case of a tie, there are several options:

However, if the board held A-K-Q-J-3, the players would tie, because both would play the hand A-A-K-Q-J ; in this case it is said that the players ' kickers " don't play ", or that the " kicker on the board plays ".

In the unusual case of a true tie, where the dealer's high tile would be in the same pair as the player's high tile, the dealer wins the tie.

In this case, an administrative jump-off is conducted to break the tie, but the marks are not considered valid for any other purpose than breaking the tie.

The landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery — in which case he / she would be a manager of a managed house, or a self-employed tenant who has entered into a lease agreement with a brewery, a condition of which is the legal obligation ( trade tie ) only to purchase that brewery's beer.

The goal of the game is to get half of these ( 60 or 61 ); in case of a tie, the opponents win.

In the case of a tie, the order of the final sprint is used to break the tie.

There is a strong convention within the U. S. Senate that the Vice President not use his position as President of the Senate to influence the passage of legislation or act in a partisan manner, except in the case of breaking tie votes.

In the case of a tie for second, then the Senate would choose the Vice President.

In the latter case the route selection process moves to the next tie breaker.

Each case spanned several episodes and cliffhangers were quite often used, but it was not until the end of the second series that a cliffhanger was employed to tie off the series.

In 3rd edition, to tie the game into the World of Darkness line, this was the case because those were the beliefs ; other editions distance themselves from this interpretation, simply taking place in a world where those beliefs happen to be true.

As this was the former method of determining if a contestant was eliminated in case of a tie, a new tiebreaker format was developed.

In the case of another tie, the war process is repeated until there is no tie.

( In some rule sets, the bonus is only 10 or 20 points, or is not awarded in case of a tie.

This may be followed by a school tie for boys, a jumper or a blazer in the case that it is a shirt or blouse.

In case of a tie score, the contestant who had not selected their own question in the previous round made the selection in the tie-breaker round.

However, Constantius ' actions in this regard may not have been so much to do with Jewish religion as Jewish business ; apparently, it was often the case that privately owned Jewish businesses were in competition with state-owned businesses.

Natural monopoly, or the overlapping concepts of " practical " and " technical " monopoly, is an extreme case of failure of competition as a restraint on producers.

In this case, with perfect competition in the output market the long-run equilibrium will involve all firms operating at the minimum point of their long-run average cost curves ( i. e., at the borderline between economies and diseconomies of scale ).

The nearby Sanctuary of Madonna d ' Itria hosts a palio, in this case a peculiar horse competition very similar to that of Siena.

The action eventually led to the filing of the United States v. Microsoft case, dealing with the question of whether Microsoft was introducing unfair practices into the market in an effort to eliminate competition from other companies such as Netscape.

This is because while the upward sloping aggregate labor supply would remain unchanged, instead of using the downward labor demand curve shown in the diagram above, monopsonistic employers would use a steeper downward sloping curve corresponding to marginal expenditures to yield the intersection with the supply curve resulting in a wage rate lower than would be the case under competition.

When not coerced legally to do otherwise, monopolies typically maximize their profit by producing fewer goods and selling them at higher prices than would be the case for perfect competition.

* European Union Microsoft competition case

Syndicalists state that society is to be organised bottom-up based on direct democracy, confederation, workplace democracy and decentralized socialism, and that to get to such a society they may either initiate a general strike through direct action and workplace occupation or-in the case of reformist syndicalists-develop the syndicalist economics alongside the state, in competition to it.

The competition was stiffer, since Garfield now had taken positions on issues which bore defending, such as the draft legislation he supported, tariffs, and his involvement in the Milligan case.

* In the case of ADSL, competition in Internet access caused subscription fees to drop significantly over the years, thus making ADSL more economical than dial up access.

In March 2004, the European Commission in the European Union Microsoft antitrust case fined Microsoft € 497 million and ordered the company to provide a version of Windows without Windows Media Player, claiming Microsoft " broke European Union competition law by leveraging its near monopoly in the market for PC operating systems onto the markets for work group server operating systems and for media players ".

It may also be the case in competition between members of the same species or subgroup, if the average reward ( e. g. status, access to resources, protection of self or kin ) outweighs average costs ( e. g. injury, exclusion from the group, death ).

In another way, a Natural monopoly is an extreme case of the failure of competition as a restraint on producers.

In the case of the USA, the tests include the American Mathematics Competitions, the American Invitational Mathematics Examination, and the United States of America Mathematical Olympiad, each of which is a competition in its own right.

However, since the competition to become a professional has increased since the late-90s ( particularly in China and Korea ), it has become the case that new 1 dan professionals are much stronger than they usually were in the past.

This phenomenon could, unless rapidly remedied ( perhaps by the temporary fix of dredging, which the IEPA cannot legally order in this case ), soon interfere with the small municipality's efforts to keep its remaining revenue source for most supplemental projects, the competition.

In the case of Bethlehem Steel, it was not automation and modernization that downsized the workforce, but failure to modernize the mills, overloaded management, and a laissez-faire management attitude about foreign competition and cheap foreign steel production.

The direct beneficiaries of incremental improvements to the surrounding neighborhood by others would be the land's occupants, and absentee landlords would benefit only by virtue of price competition amongst present and prospective tenants for those incremental benefits ; the only direct effect of LVT on prices in this case is to lower the unearned increment ( reduce the amount of the socially generated benefit that is privately captured as an increase in the market price of the land ).

The relationship between Freud and Breuer was a mix of admiration and competition, based on the fact that they were working together on the Anna O. case and must balance two different ideas as to her diagnosis and treatment.

But the first case would promote significant competition, where the second case approaches monopoly.

The Herfindahl index for these two situations makes the lack of competition in the second case strikingly clear:

As in the Camp case, these interpretations by bank regulators were routinely challenged by the mutual fund industry through the Investment Company Institute or the securities industry through the Securities Industry Association as they sought to prevent competition from commercial banks.

He wrote that children can learn better if taught in classes instead of individual tuition from private tutors, and he gave a number of reasons for why this is the case, citing the value of competition and emulation among pupils as well as the usefulness of group discussions and debates.