* Reporters Without Borders considers the number of journalists murdered, expelled or harassed, and the existence of a state monopoly on TV and radio, as well as the existence of censorship and self-censorship in the media, and the overall independence of media as well as the difficulties that foreign reporters may face.

Internet censorship in the PRC has been called " a panopticon that encourages self-censorship through the perception that users are being watched.

In general his efforts at pre-release self-censorship were unsuccessful in quieting calls for federal censorship.

Catholic bishops and lay people tended to be leery of federal censorship and favored the Hays approach of self-censorship ; these included the outspoken Catholic layman Martin J. Quigley, publisher of Exhibitors Herald-World ( a trade magazine for independent exhibitors ).

He argues that citizens and foreigners in Singapore practice self-censorship that results in the censorship of others when it comes to political matters.

During this period, when the Metaxas dictatorship subjected all song lyrics to censorship, song composers would rewrite lyrics, or practice self-censorship before submitting lyrics for approval.

Their propaganda model first and foremost discusses self-censorship through the corporate system ( see corporate censorship ); that reporters and especially editors share and / or acquire values with corporate elites in order to further their careers.

Many directors and producers apply self-censorship, limiting nudity ( and other content ) in their films, to avoid external censorship or a strict rating, in countries that have a rating system.

The Christian censorship of the Jewish Talmud in the aftermath of the Disputation of Barcelona and during the Spanish Inquisition and Roman Inquisition, let the term spread within the Jewish classical texts, since the church censors replaced terms like Minim (" sectarians ", coined on the Christians ) with the term Epikorsim or Epicursim, meaning heretics, since the church had heavily persecuted heretics at that time.

Clement, though he did not assign to the stake those who harboured copies of it, and, responding to a denunciation of the Talmud by Pablo Christiani, assigned a Talmud censorship committee and ordered that the Jews of Aragon submit their books to Dominican censors for expurgation.

This necessarily relates to different subjects-like the influence of the exile, language skills, lack of time, censorship and alternate versions of the Talmud.

In result, the Pope gave instructions by which all books of the Talmud would be handed over to his functionaries for censorship.

They were again permitted to read the Talmud and other Hebrew books, provided that they were printed according to the rules of censorship approved by Sixtus V. From Italy, where these expurgated books were printed by thousands, they were sent to the Jews of other various countries.

Starting in the late 1940s, the national syndicates which distributed newspaper comic strips subjected them to very strict censorship.

It was this authority of the Roman censors which eventually developed into the modern meaning of " censor " and " censorship "— i. e., officials who review published material and forbid the publication of material judged to be contrary to " public morality " as the term is interpreted in a given political and social environment.

The motive is often to prevent persons from viewing content which the computer's owner ( s ) or other authorities may consider objectionable ; when imposed without the consent of the user, content control can constitute censorship.

Cosmic censorship hypotheses should be distinguished from chronological censorship under which every closed timelike curve passes through an event horizon, which might prevent an observer from detecting the causal violation.

The two conjectures are mathematically independent, as there exist spacetimes for which the weak cosmic censorship is valid but the strong cosmic censorship is violated and, conversely, there exist spacetimes for which the weak cosmic censorship is violated but the strong cosmic censorship is valid.

The film was James Stewart's first western ( he would not return to the genre until 1950, with Broken Arrow and Winchester 73 ), and was also notable for a ferocious cat-fight between Marlene Dietrich and Una Merkel, which apparently caused a mild censorship problem at the time of release.

As the eldest and most experienced of Vespasian's sons, Titus shared tribunician power with his father, received seven consulships, the censorship, and was given command of the Praetorian Guard ; powers which left no doubt he was the designated heir to the Empire.

Bradbury has stated that the novel is not about censorship, but a story about how television destroys interest in reading literature, which leads to a perception of knowledge as being composed of factoids, partial information devoid of context.

In 1956 the FDA had moved for the burning of William Reich's books and research materials, which is seen as one of the worst examples of censorship in U. S. history.

Hawks encountered a minor amount of censorship when the film was banned in Chicago, which would deal with even further on his next film.

Maeda explained that he invented the practice to get around strict Japanese censorship regulations, which prohibit the depiction of the penis but apparently do not prohibit showing sexual penetration by a tentacle or similar ( often robotic ) appendage.

Marx wrote for the Young Hegelian journal, the Deutsche-Französische Jahrbücher, in which he criticised the censorship instructions issued by Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV.

In his view, the market ( which implies the hunt for higher advertising revenue ) not only imposes uniformity and banality, but also a form of invisible censorship.

They claim that liberal ideas of free speech are repressive, arguing that such " Marcusean logic " is the base of speech codes, which are seen by some as censorship, in US universities.

Cook said it was a satirical venue modelled on " those wonderful Berlin cabarets ... which did so much to stop the rise of Hitler and prevent the outbreak of the Second World War "; as a members-only venue it was outside the censorship restrictions.

This was followed by increasing degrees of censorship.

Zamyatin originally supported the October Revolution, but opposed the increasing use of censorship which followed.

In 1970, Moni Bordeianu emigrated to the United States, and, for a brief period of time the band suspended its activity, also due to total censorship that followed a protesting speech held by Bordeianu in his last concert.

The show's script was the result of student writing followed by Athletics Department censorship and approval, and is available online.

Films in the late 1920s and early 1930s reflected the liberal attitudes of the day and could include sexual innuendos and references to homosexuality, but from the 1930s until 1968 the film industry in the US followed the Production Code, a set of censorship guidelines written by a Jesuit priest.

A furious debate followed in which newspapers as varied as The Sunday Times and Socialist Worker united in calling for an end to such " censorship ".

The script was returned to Tenser a few days later, with a more detailed report from the same examiner, which described the screenplay as " a study in sadism in which every detail of cruelty and suffering is lovingly dwelt on ... a film which followed the script at all closely would run into endless censorship trouble.

It marked a turning point in attitudes to censorship of screen nudity, and was followed by films such as Midnight Cowboy and Last Tango in Paris.

The release of the album was followed by censorship.

In 1930, MPDDA President Will Hays also founded the Hays ( Production ) Code, which followed censorship guidelines and went into effect after government threats of censorship expanded by 1930.

The extant manuscript for The Second Maiden's Tragedy ( 1611 ) shows censorship notes in Buck's hand, as do a few other surviving manuscripts from the era, like that of Sir John van Olden Barnavelt ( 1619 ).

However, Alan Dundes notes that in spite of the flaws of tale type indexes ( e. g., typos, redundancies, censorship, etc.

Stiffelio had provoked the censorship board because of “ the immoral and rough ” storylines of a Protestant minister deceived by his wife and also because making the characters German did not please an Italian audience, although, as Budden notes, the opera " enjoyed a limited circulation ( in Italy ), but with the title changed to Guglielmo Wellingrode, the main protagonist now a German minister of state ".