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In the context of Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and CIS states, the term is sometimes used to denote a small semi-urban, sometimes industrial, settlement and used to translate the terms &# 1087 ;&# 1086 ;&# 1089 ;&# 1077 ;&# 1083 ;&# 1086 ;&# 1082 ; &# 1075 ;&# 1086 ;&# 1088 ;&# 1086 ;&# 1076 ;&# 1089 ;&# 1082 ;&# 1086 ;&# 1075 ;&# 1086 ; &# 1090 ;&# 1080 ;&# 1087 ;&# 1072 ; ( townlet ), &# 1087 ;&# 1086 ;&# 1089 ;&# 1072 ;&# 1076 ; ( posad ), &# 1084 ;&# 1077 ;&# 1089 ;&# 1090 ;&# 1077 ;&# 1095 ;&# 1082 ;&# 1086 ; ( mestechko, from Polish " miasteczko ", a small town ; in the cases of predominant Jewish population the latter is sometimes translated as shtetl ).
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context and Russian
Finland's declaration of independence on 6 December 1917-though supported by most Finns and soon recognized by the Russian Bolshevist Council of People's Commissars-occurred in the context of the worsening power struggle, and therefore failed to either unite or pacify the nation.
Of course, this relationship can also be viewed in the context of the very strong, traditional, age-old bond between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian leadership.
In 2001, in another context, just after " the nineties ' crises in Mexico, Southeast Asia and Russia ," which included the 1994 economic crisis in Mexico, the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, and the 1998 Russian financial crisis, Tobin summarized his idea:
During this time he taught himself the Portuguese language to read the poet Camões in the original ; as insufficient Russian-speaking officers were available at the War Office, his knowledge of the Russian language and textual analysis skills were used to translate a Russian parachute training manual-a task he completed after 11pm on top of his normal duties, deducing the meaning of many technical terms from the context ; he was convinced that the Soviet Union must eventually enter the war on the Allied side.
In many inflected languages, such as Russian, Latin, and Greek, departures from the default word-orders are permissible but usually imply a shift in focus, an emphasis on the final element, or some special context.
At different points of its history, the country also was strongly influenced by the European Culture, and since Peter the Great reforms Russian culture largely developed in the context of the Western culture.
In historical context ( for the Russian Empire ), the term " district " is often used to refer to uyezds.
In the context of the Great Game between the British and Russian Empires for control of Central Asia, he held deep mistrust of Russian intentions.
The story involves a romantic triangle between two top players, an American and a Russian, in a world chess championship, and a woman who manages one and falls in love with the other ; all in the context of a Cold War struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union, during which both countries wanted to win international chess tournaments for propaganda purposes.
In the ideology of Bolsheviks, intelligentsia is not a real class ; its status is described by the Russian word " prosloyka ", which is normally translated as " stratum ," but in this context has a negative connotation, meaning " liner " or " separating layer ".
During the Renaissance which provided the context for Machiavelli's writing, there was a general belief that European society, being contained at the margins by Islam and the rejection of Roman Catholicism by Greek Orthodox and Russian Orthodox faiths, and not yet having conquered and colonized the Americas, was inferior and only capable of recovering some of its former glory by reconsidering its past life.
* White -, a label on those considered anti-Soviet ( almost exclusively in the context of the Russian civil war 1918-1922 )
In the Russian context, White had three connotations:
James Billington, formerly professor of Russian history at Harvard and Princeton and currently the Librarian of Congress placed Fomenko's work within the context of the political movement of Eurasianism, which sought to tie Russian history closely to that of its Asian neighbors.
The word mobilization was first used, in a military context, in order to describe the preparation of the Russian army during the 1850s and 1860s.
However, whether children born in mixed families where one of the parents was Russian were likely to be raised as Russians depended on the context.
Though Volosinov found this type of multi-layered performance by a single reader / performer is difficult in the context of Russian narratives, the Bengali kirtaniyas showed the path by performing such difficult text with professional precision.
" While this passage may have seemed far-fetched to some critics when Testimony first appeared, especially in the context of linking the symphony to the Hungarian Revolution, the concept of recurrence is reportedly one which has been central to Russian artists in the wake of that event and held tremendous significance among the intelligentsia in Russia.
According to Dictionary. com and Etymonline. com the term, or at least the expansion of its use beyond the Russian language, originated in the writings of Arthur Koestler, circa 1941 ; and in this context it originally meant " Communist agent or spy ".
The Russian orthography was made simpler by unifying several adjectival and pronominal inflections, replacing the letters ( Yat ) with е, і ( depending on the context of Moscovian pronunciation ) and with и, with ф, and dropping the archaic mute yer, including the ъ ( the " hard sign ") in final position following consonants ( thus eliminating practically the last graphical remnant of the Old Slavonic open-syllable system ).
context and Empire
In a Western context, eunuch singers are known to have existed from the early Byzantine Empire.
However, monarchs heading empires have not always used the title — the British sovereign did not assume the title until the incorporation of India into the British Empire, and even then used it only in a limited context.
Historians have liberally used emperor and, especially so, empire anachronistically and out of its Roman and European context to describe any large state and its ruler in the past and present ; sometimes even to refer to non-monarchically ruled states and their spheres of influence: such examples include the " Athenian Empire " of the late 5th century BC, the " Angevin Empire " of the Plantagenets, or the Soviet and American " empires " of the Cold War era.
Derived from Greek oikoumenikos (), " ecumenical " means " worldwide " but generally is assumed to be limited to the Roman Empire in this context as in Augustus ' claim to be ruler of the oikoumene / world ; the earliest extant uses of the term for a council are Eusebius ' Life of Constantine 3. 6 around 338, which states "" ( he convoked an Ecumenical Council ); Athanasius ' Ad Afros Epistola Synodica in 369 ;< ref >
The developments of Late Antiquity in the religious thought in the far-flung Roman Empire needs to be addressed separately, as this is the context in which Early Christianity itself developed as one of several monotheistic cults, and it was in this period that the concept of " pagan " developed in the first place.
His brief pontificate came in the political context of the founding of the Holy Roman Empire, during the transition between the reigns of German emperors Otto I and Otto II and the struggle for power of aristocratic families such as the Crescentii and Tusculani in the region of Rome.
* Princely state treats the nobility, mainly ruling houses, in the colonial context of the British Empire
: For additional context, see History of Portugal and Portuguese Empire.
# The Quadruple Alliance of August 1673 was an alliance among the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Spain, Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine, and the United Provinces of the Netherlands, in the context of the Franco-Dutch War.
Some cities acquired a form of autonomy ( the comuni ); they were often at war with each other in the context of the more general conflict between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire or between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines.
In the Byzantine Empire a tax on hearths known as kapnikon was first explicitly mentioned for the reign of Nicephorus I ( 802 – 811 ) although its context implies that it was already then old and established and perhaps it should be taken back to the 7th century AD.
In the Roman Empire, flagellation was often used as a prelude to crucifixion, and in this context is sometimes referred to as scourging.
The Seventeenth Ecumenical Council of the western church was convoked as the Council of Basel ( Basle in the once-preferred English spelling ) by Pope Martin V shortly before his death in February 1431 and took place in the context of the Hussite wars in Bohemia and the rise of the Ottoman Empire.
Berossus ( early third century BCE ) provides context for the account in that he records the introduction of idols of Anahita under Artaxerxes II Mnemon throughout the Persian Empire.
Gökalp's work, in the context of the decline of the Ottoman Empire, was instrumental in the development of Turkish national identity, which he himself referred to even then as Turkishness.
The Tiglath-Pileser III ( 745 – 727 BC ) period, under which the Neo-Assyrian Empire was formed and reached its military peak, is believed to have been the first context within which the Assyrian kingdom formed crude regiments of cataphract-like cavalry.
* Political officer ( British Empire ), in the context of the British Empire, for a pseudo-ambassadorial role in areas bordering imperial territories
In 1915 the Assyrian Church see at Qochanis see was completely destroyed by the Ottoman Empire in the context of the Armenian Genocide.
That revolution, along with other Jewish-Roman wars ( the Great Jewish Revolt and the Kitos War ), provides some of the historical context of the founding of Marcionism ; see also Anti-Judaism in the Roman Empire.
In a comedic context, the same play on words, additionally incorporating the name " Pete ", is known to have been used as early as 1930 on the radio program " Empire Builders ".
Daqin ( alternative transliterations include Tachin, Tai-Ch ' in ) is the ancient Chinese name for the Roman Empire or, depending on context, the Near East, especially Syria.
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